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HomeMy Public PortalAbout95-06 GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMSPursuant to Section 7(3) of the Municipalities Act of the Province of New Brunswick, the Village of Sussex Corner hereby enacts the following: VILLAGE OF SUSSEX CORNER BYLAW # 95 — 06 GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 1. The purpose of this by-law is to control the use of Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems and in doing so ensure, to the extent possible, the protection of the source(s) of potable water within the Village of Sussex Corner. 2. The following tennis are hereby defined for use within this by-law: "Closed Loop System" means a system designed and installed that circulates a constant concentration of fluid through an enclosed network of piping. "Geothermal Heat Exchange System" means a system that extracts heat from the ground or body of water through which the piping of the system passes. "Open Loop System" means a system designed and installed to obtain water from a source (e.g. well, lake), circulate it through the system extracting heat energy and returning the water to the same or another location. "Village" means the Village of Sussex Corner 3. No person shall be permitted to install and / or operate an Open Loop Geothermal Heat Exchange System within the Village. 4. No person shall be permitted to install and / or operate any form of Geothermal Heat Exchange System on any property located, in whole or in part, within the boundaries of the Village's Wellfield Protection Designation (Zones A, B, C). 5. Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems, for residential use only, are permitted in the Village, subject to section 3 and 4 above and the provisions listed below: • The property owner shall submit a written request to the Village for permission to install and operate a Geothermal Heat Exchange System and subsequently shall provide any and all information necessary to indicate compliance with the by-law; • The installation of a Village authorized system shall be monitored by an appointed representative of the Village, the cost of which shall be the responsibility of the requestor; • The fluid contained within the system shall consist of a Village approved concentration of water, propylene glycol and a rust inhibitor, the details of which are included in the Installation / Operation Specification found in Appendix "A". All other fluids are specifically prohibited; • The property owner shall grant permission for an appointed representative of the Village to enter onto the property, including the premises, and inspect the system, as and when appropriate, to ensure compliance with the by-law; and • The installation and operation of a geothermal heat exchange system must conform to the Installation / Operation Specification found in Appendix "A" and the related installation and operation specifications from CSA Standard C448.2-02 shown in Appendix "B". 6. Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of this by-law commits an offence punishable under Part II of the Provincial Offences Procedure Act as a Category "B" or "C" offence. 7. Upon enactment of this by-law, the following by-laws are repealed: By-law 32 A By-law To Regulate The Use Of Water Wells For Geothermal Heating And Cooling Systems By-law 51-98 A By-law Controlling Ground Source Heat Exchange Systems And Associated Wells By-law 78-02 A By-law To Amend By-law 32 By-law 79-02 A By-law To Amend By-law 51-98 FIRST READING SECOND READING THIRD READING ACTMENT C ' RK December 6, 2006 December 6, 2006 February 19, 2007 Appendix "A" VILLAGE OF SUSSEX CORNER INSTALLATION / OPERATION SPECIFICATION GEOTHERMAL HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS 1. DESCRIPTION: This specification shall apply to the installation and operation of any Village authorized closed loop residential Geothei al Heat Exchange System. 2. REFERENCE STANDARDS: All works and materials shall be in accordance with CSA Standard C448.2-02 (latest edition) Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems for Residential and Other Small Buildings. The property owner (requestor) and the installation contractor shall be familiar with and abide by the requirements of Village of Sussex Comer By-law # 95-06 Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems, including any appendices. 3. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS: All Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems shall be designed by an experienced, qualified Geothermal Heat Exc • ange System designer. If requested by the Village, the property owner shall provide evidence of the system designer's experience. All materials shall be new materials of the best quality suitable for use in the manner intended. Equipment and materials shall be as specified in CSA C448.2-02 (latest edition The pipe zone and backfll material shall be as shown on the attached Drawing GTHP-1 Typical Trench Geothermal Duct. 4. INSTALLATION METHODS: All Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems shall be installed by an experienced contractor who has expertise in the installation of Geothermal Heat Exchange Systems. If required by the Village, the property owner shall provide evidence of the installation contractor's experience. 4. INSTALLATION METHODS (cont'd): The depth and layout of underground piping shall conform to CSA 448.2-02 (latest edition) and shall be as designed by the manufacturer of the system. A layout sketch and related system design data shall be submitted to the Village of Sussex Comer for approval prior to the commencement of any installation activities. The sketch shall provide the depths and horizontal dimensions of all underground components and shall also show distances to all property lines and major obstacles including, but not limited to, adjacent buildings, utility poles, sidewalks, roadways, wells, etc. 5. SYSTEM CONTENT: The system contents (fluid) shall be a 35% Dowfrost Heat Transfer Fluid as specified in the attached Material Safety Data Sheet. 6. INSPECTION { OBSERVATION: The Village of Sussex Corner, or its agents or representatives, shall have access to the site at all times during system construction and at such other times as the Village deems necessary to confirm the installation and operation of the system is in accordance with By-law # 95-06 and the Village approved submission. SOD' F 150 150 OUTSIDE DIAMETER SURFACE FINISH FOUNDATION BACKFILL MAY BE WITH APPROVED EXCAVATED MATERIAL INITIAL BACKFILL BEDDING ©N TES: 1. DEPTH OF PIPE AND SPACING TO BE DETERMINED BY DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURER. 2. PIPE ZONE MATERIAL TO BE A WELL GRADED SAND OR 19mm MINUS CRUSHED STONE. 3. WIDTHS SHOWN ARE MINIMUM, CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS MAY CAUSE ACTUAL WIDTHS TO INCREASE. 4. ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. Cll, GODFREY ASSOCEATES LTD. �" CONSULTING PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TYPICAL TRENCH GEOTHERMAL DUCT REVISION: SCALE: NTS DATE: FEB 2007 DRAWN: BJB GTH P-1 T. DONOVAN & SON (1997) LTD. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET SECTION I - PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION PRODUCT NAME: 35% DOWFROST* HEAT TRANSFER FLUID CHEMICAL NAME: INHIBITED PROPYLENE GLYCOL TREATMENT MANUFACTURER: T. DONOVAN & SON (1997) LTD REGULAR PHONE #: 506-642-1500 HOURS: 8:30 - 4:30 EMERGENCY PHONE #: 613-996-6666 CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES ONLY PRODUCT USE: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS INGREDIENTS PROPYLENE GLYCOL DIPOTASSTUM PHOSPHATE WATER SECTION III - PHYSICAL DATA PHYSICAL STATE : LIQUID BOILING POINT (C) : 370F, 188C ODOR THRESHOLD : N/A VAPOR DENSITY : 2.62 EVAPORATION RATE : N/AP SPECIFIC GRAVITY : 1.050 SOLUBILITY IN WATER: SOLUBLE SECTION IV . FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA CONC.% 35 % 1-5 % 60-70 % CAS II 0057-55-6 7758-11-4 7732-18-5 ODOR FREEZING POINT (C) VAPOR PRESSURE PERCENT VOLATILE PH COEFF WATER / OIL BULK DENSITY : NONE : N/AV : 0.22 mmHg @ 20C, 68F : N/A : N/AV : N/AP : N/A FLAMMABILITY : NON-FLAMMABLE AT RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES EXTINGUISHING MEDIA : FOR LARGE FIRES USE FOAM. FOR SMALL FIRES CO2 OR DRY CHEMICAL MAY BE USED. SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROC: WEAR NIOSH APPROVED SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARDS : MAY PRODUCE A FLOATING FIRE HAZARD IN EXTREME CASES. FLASHPOINT 215F, 102C AUTO -IGNITION TEMPERATURE (C): N/A UPPER FLAMMABILITY LIMIT : N/A LOWER FLAMMABILITY LIMIT : N/A HAZARDOUS COMB. PROD. : SEE SECTION V EXPLOSION SENSITIVITY TO IMPACT: N/A SENSITIVITY TO STATIC : N/A 35% DOWFROST SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA CHEMICAL STABILITY YES, STABLE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS OF USE. INCOMPATIBILITY : SEE BELOW CONDITIONS TO AVOID : STRONG OXIDIZING AGENTS HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: WILL NOT OCCUR HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION: DEPENDS UPON TEMPERATURE, AIR SUPPLY & THE PRESENCE OF OTHER MATERIALS SECTION VI - TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS CHRONIC AND ACUTE EFFECTS UPON ROUTES OF ENTRY EYE CONTACT: IRRITANT. MAY CAUSE SLIGHT TEMPORARY EYE IRRITATION. CORNEAL INJURY IS UNLIKELY. SKIN CONTACT: BRIEF CONTACT IS ESSENTIALLY NONIRRITATING TO SKIN. PROLONGED CONTACT CAN CAUSE SLIGHT SKIN IRRITATION OR DAMAGED SKIN IF ABSORBED IN LARGE QUANTITIES. INGESTION: SINGLE DOSE ORAL TOXICITY IS LOW. NO HAZARDS ANTICIPATED FROM SWALLOWING SMALL AMOUNTS INCIDENTAL TO NORMAL HANDLING OPERATIONS. INHALATION: A SINGLE PROLONGED (HOURS) INHALATION EXPOSURE IS NOT LIKELY TO CAUSE ADVERSE EFFECTS. MISTS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE HAZARDOUS. EXPOSURE LIMITS : NONE SYNERGISTIC PRODUCTS : NONE IRRITANCY : NONE SENSITIZATION : NONE CARCINOGENICITY : NONE TERATOGENICITY : NONE MUTAGENICITY : NONE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY : NONE SECTION VII - EMERGENCY AND FIRST AIR PROCEDURES IN ALL CASES, SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY EYE CONTACT: FLUSH EYES WITH WATER FOR 30 MINUTES, HOLDING THE EYELIDS OPEN. A NEUTRAL SALINE SOLUTION MAY BE USED TO FLUSH CONTAMINATED EYES. SKIN CONTACT: FLUSH WITH WA TER FOR 30 MINUTES. REMOVE CONTAMINATED CLOTHING. COMPLETELY DECONTAMINA fE CLOTHING AND ALL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. DRINK LARGE QUANTITIES OF WATER OR MILK. IF VOMITING OCCURS NATURALLY, HAVE VICTIM LEAN FORWARD. REPEAT ADMINISTERING WATER. INHALATION: REMOVE FROM CONTAMINATED AREA. IF NOT BREATHING, GIVE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION. IF DIFFICULTY BREATHING, GIVE OXYGEN. 35% DOWFROST SECTION VIII - PREVENTIVE MEASURES EYE PROTECTION : SAFETY OR CHEMICAL GLASSES FOR FULL FACE MASK. SKIN PROTECTION : RUBBER OR PLASTIC GLOVES, COVERALLS OR APRON, RESPIRATORY PROTECTION : WEAR NIOSH APPROVED RESPIRATOR. ENGINEERING CONTROLS : GENERAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION. SPILL & LEAK PROCEDURES : WEAR NECESSARY PRO 1'ECTWE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT. PUMP SPILLED PRODUCT INTO WASTE CONTAINER. CONTAIN LARGE SPILLS FOR LATER DISPOSAL. WASTE DISPOSAL : DISPOSE ACCORDING TO LOCAL, PROVINCIAL AND FEDERAL LAWS. HANDLING & STORAGE : STORE IN CLOSED CONTAINERS IN DRY, COOL AREAS. DO NOT STORE NEAR ACIDS. SECTION IX - TRANSPORT AND REGULATORY INFORMATION TDG REGULATION : NON REGULA IED WHMIS CLASSIFICATION : THIS IS NOT A CONTROLLED PRODUCT PREPARED BY: TECHNICAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT T. DONOVAN & SON (1997) LTD. P.O. BOX 183 SAINT JOHN, N.B. E2L 3X8 PREPARATION DATE : MARCH 10, 1999 REVISED DATE: JANUARY 31, 2005 NOTICE: WHILE THE INFORMATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS SET FORTH HEREIN ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE AS OF THE DAZE HEREOF, T. DONOVAN & SON (1997) LTD., MAKES NO WARRANTY WITH RESPECT THERETO AND DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FROM RELIANCE THEREON. Appendix "B" CSA Standard Ion stir le reseau est in ple seulement Le stockage, la distribu er use on network prchibilediPermis d'utili Nle 111912087. Single user license only. Storage, distill licensed tofAutcrlse d Darcy Harris. Godfrey As C448.2-02 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems for Residential and Other Small Buildings CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION *Registered trade -mark of Canadian Standards Association Published in February 2002 by Canadian Standards Association A not -for-profit private sector organization 178 Rexdale Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 1 R3 1-800-463-6727.416-747-4044 Visit our Online Store at www.csaca Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems 0 Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings C448.2-02 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems for Residential and Other Small Buildings ro 1. Scope 1.1 This Standard applies to unitary or split -system liquid -source heat pumps for single dwelling residential applications and other small building applications of up to and including 1400 rn2 (1 S 000 ft2), using groundwater, submerged heat exchangers, or ground -heat exchangers as a thermal source or sink for heating and/or cooling, with or without a supplementary heating source. Where appropriate, CSA Standard C448.1 may be used in lieu of CSA Standard C448.2. 1.2 This Standard applies to new and retrofit installations, and additions to existing installations. 1.3 This Standard covers system design, equipment selection, minimum installation requirements, test protocol, and information to be provided to the user and the equipment manufacturer. 1.4 This Standard does not apply to direct -expansion or standing -column -weal earth energy systems. 1.5 The values given in SI (metric) units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 2. Definitions The definitions listed in CSA Standard C448.1 apply in this Standard. 3. Reference Publications This Standard refers to the publications listed in CSA Standard C448.1. 4. General Note: Annex A of CSA Standard C448.1 has been provided for informative purposes. 4.1 The contractor shall be responsible for satisfying the requirements of Clauses 4.2 to 4.6. a February 2002 27 C448.2-02 © Canadian Standards Association 4.2 The following requirements shall apply: (a) The owner shall confirm the right -of -access to the required ground or water resources from the authority having jurisdiction. (b) Supply wells shall provide a sustainable flow of water that is sufficient to meet the heat pump manufacturer's water quality standards at the time of installation. (c) Rejection wells shall accept the disposal flow rate, without overflow. 4.3 The proposed earth coupling shall not cross or interfere with the equipment or rights of utilities, municipalities, and other property owners, without prior written approval. d'utili&ateur simple seulemenL Le stockage, la distribution ou I'udliss Storage, distribution or use on network Licensed tuIAurarise a Darcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, onfle 1/18/2007. Single 4.4 The installation shall conform to local bylaws, provincial and federal regulations, and codes of the authorities having jurisdiction. The contractor shall ensure that work is undertaken by duly licensed and qualified personnel, as defined by the authority having jurisdiction. 4.5 An installation certificate and site survey worksheet shall contain as a minimum the information identified in Annexes A and B, and shall be provided to the owner of a system or the owner's agent as evidence of compliance with this Standard. 4.6 Prior to any excavation, trenching, or drilling, the contractor and owner shall agree in writing to site restoration requirements. 5. Equipment and Materials 5.1 General 5.1.1 The requirements of Clauses 5.1.1 to 5.1.3 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 5.1.2 All systems shall be fitted with thermostats that clearly indicate any event causing the compressor to lock out and any call upon a supplementary heat source. Note: It is important that the user be advised of the importance of these warning devices and the importance of reporting any abnormal operation to the installer or the other qualified personnel. 5.2 Underground Piping Materials and Series Requirements The requirements of Clauses 5.2.1 to 5.2.3 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 5.3 Indoor Piping, Fittings, and Piping Accessories 5.3.1 Piping, fittings, and pipe accessories that are part of a groundwater system and are not isolated from the groundwater by a water -to -water heat exchanger shall be non-ferrous and shall be installed according to specifications and good industry practice. 28 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems © Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 5.3.2 Piping, fittings, and pipe accessories that are part of a closed -loop ground -heat pump system or internal piping of a groundwater system separated by a water -to -water heat exchanger shall be appropriate for the intended use and shall be installed in accordance with the relevant safety and fire specifications and good industry practice. 5.3.3 Piping, fittings, pipe accessories, and all components that come into contact with the system heat -transfer fluid shall be compatible with that fluid. 5.3.4 Thread -to -thread, plastic -to -metal connections shall not be used. 5.3.5 All threaded joints shall utilize an industry -recognized sealant that is compatible with the system heat -transfer fluid, and the engineer shall specifically refer to this clause in specifications. 5.4 Pipe and Fitting On -Site Storage The requirements of Clauses 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 5.5 Heat -Transfer Fluid The requirements of Clauses 5.5.1 to 5.5.4 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 5.6 Backfill Materials The requirements of Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 6. Site Survey Requirements 6.1 General 6.1.1 The contractor shall ensure that a site survey meeting the requirements of Clauses 6.1.2 to 6.1.4 is conducted prior to undertaking the system design. 6.1.2 The requirements of Clause 6.1.2 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 6.1.3 Water -well and other available geotechnical records for the area shall be reviewed to assess anticipated subsurface conditions, the water table, the potential for encountering a water supply aquifer, and any interference with neighbouring wells. 6.1.4 The ground coupling installer or subcontractor shall provide the contractor and building owner with a fully dimensioned site survey worksheet of the installed system which shall contain as a minimum the information identified in Annex B. This worksheet shall include dimensions and locations for septic systems, water inlet lines, and lot lines, and other pertinent information. In the case of an open system, a water -well record or well -pump test data shall also be provided. Note: This site survey provides documentation of the ground coupling location for future reference. February 2002 29 C448.2-02 O Canadian Standards Association 6.2 Groundwater Systems 6.2.1 The contractor shall ensure that, where necessary, the well will yield enough water to supply both the domestic requirements and the heat pump requirements at the time of installation, as required by the authority having jurisdiction. 6.2.2 The contractor shall ensure that the pump will supply enough water for its designed purpose. a stockaga, la 1 stribulion au ruLlisation sur le reseau est inlerdii. used tolAulorise Darcy Harris. Godfrey Associates Ltd. 0010 1 te/7047. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibiteddPermis d'utitisatour simple se 6.2.3 The contractor shall ensure that the building owner is informed of the possible effects on the supply water well due to the added load of an open loop system. Note: These possible effects include but are not limited to (1) change in water quality: (2) change in water quantity; and (3) adverse effects to the heat pump water -to -refrigerant coil (le, due to mineral content). 6.3 Ground -Heat Exchanger Systems 6.3.1 Horizontal Ground -Heat Exchanger Systems 6.3.1.1 Soil samples shall be taken for soil property determination. Note: Sampling is required only under conditions where soil samples are available. 6.3.1.2 Water -well and other available geotechnical records for the area shall be reviewed to assess anticipated subsurface conditions and the water table. 6.3.2 Vertical Ground -Heat Exchanger Systems Water -well and other available geotechnical records for the area shall be reviewed to assess anticipated subsurface conditions, soil/rock types, the water table, the potential for encountering a water supply aquifer, and any interference with neighbouring wells. 6.4 Submerged Heat Exchangers The segment of the surface water in the vicinity of the proposed submerged heat exchanger shall be investigated for potable water intakes and minimum water levels. A minimum distance of 2 m (6.6 ft) is required between any part of the submerged heat exchanger system and a potable water intake. 7. Design of Earth Coupling 7.1 All Systems 7.1.1 The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the earth coupling is designed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 7.1.2 to 7.3.3, as applicable. 30 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems © Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 7.1.2 The earth coupling design and material used shall conform to this Standard and acceptable industry practice. 7.1.3 All buried horizontal piping shall include a tracer wire system for ease of location. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on nehmrk prohibiledJPermis d'ul7isateur simple seulement. Le stdckege, l2 diseiyution cu I'utilisa nsed to/Autodse Darcy Harris. Godfrey Associates Ltd. on/le 1116! 7.2 Closed Systems 7.2.1 The ground -heat exchanger length shall be greater than or equal to the length provided in Clause 7.2.3 for the appropriate heat -exchanger configuration, unless the sizing was performed (a) according to the heat pump manufacturer's guidelines; (b) using an acceptable software program, as outlined in Clause 7.2.4; or (c) by a registered professional engineer. 7.2.2 The heat exchanger headers and runouts shall not be considered part of the heat exchanger length. 7.2.3 Minimum ground -heat exchanger lengths are provided in Annex C. The minimum ground -heat exchanger requirements in Annex C do not absolve the contractor from ensuring adequate sizing of the heat exchanger. 7.2.4 rf software programs are used for the sizing of ground -heat exchangers in residential applications, they shall have the following characteristics: (a) the ability to calculate or allow the input of ground loads by month, day, or hour for a full year; (b) the ability to account for local ground temperatures (both mean and surface amplitude); (c) the ability to model heat transfer between the ground and the heat exchanger pipes, as well as long-term thermal storage effects in the ground; (d) the ability to account for the thermal properties of the ground, heat -transfer fluid, and heat exchanger pipes; and (e) the capability of modelling the heat exchanger configuration of the system being designed. Note: ASHRAE transaction paper SE -99-20-1 may serve as a reference for designers. 7.2.5 A closed -loop system shall be designed with due consideration given to the following: (a) the physical limitations of the land area; (b) minimal disturbance to walls, pavements, walkways, foundations, buildings, and trees; (c) any equipment, easement, or rights -of -access by other persons or bodies; (d) the minimum radii of pipe curves to avoid kinking; (e) easy access to the headers; (f) the end use of the ground surface area; (g) backfill methods and materials that will not lead to undesirable long-term settling over trenches or boreholes; (h) the balance of flow and thermal loading in the branches of any parallel closed -loop system design; (1) maintaining a positive pressure in the closed -loop collector system at all times; (j) avoidance of any impact to fish habitat as defined in the Canada Fisheries Act and clarified by the authority having jurisdiction; (k) the most feasible direct pipe routing for collection and return lines both indoors and outdoors; (I) protection against contamination of aquifers; and February 2002 31 C448.2-02 © Canadian Standards Association (m) piping passing through the foundations, floors, or walls. Such piping shall be protected against differential settlement. e, la distribution ou 1 U Iksalion isatevr simple seuie e a Darcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, o*+rle 111812!207. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibitedIPermis d' 7.2.6 In addition to Clause 7.2.5, a submerged system shall be designed with due consideration given to the following: (a) the physical limitations of the land area, eg, shoreline conditions; (b) the minimum disturbance to shoreline, lake, pond, or stream beds, aquatic habitat, and marine life (including fish spawning areas), as determined by the authority having jurisdiction; (c) protection against wave, ice, boat, or snowmobile damage; (d) a minimum distance between any part of the collector system and the lot line or potable water intakes of 10 m (33 ft); (e) the type of antifreeze and inhibitors used; (t) the end use of the water surface area; (g) weights and the fastening method used to secure the collector system below water level; (h) approval by the authority having jurisdiction; and (t) Items (a) to (h) in relation to normal minimum water levels. 7.2.7 Where a shoreline consists of bedrock and trenching is not possible, the design of a submerged collector system shall have the following characteristics: (a) the plastic pipe shall be encased in a large diameter protective pipe and insulated to protect all exposed pipe above the water surface and all pipe to a depth sufficient to meet the requirements of Clause 7.2.6; and (b) assemblies shall be securely fastened to the rock face or buried and suitably marked at the shoreline. 7.3 Open Systems 7.3.1. An open system includes a supply of groundwater and a groundwater rejection well, storm water drains, or drainage tiles. 7.3.2 An open system shall be designed with due consideration given to (a) proof of sustainable yield in excess of maximum requirements, even in drought conditions; (b) initial and final temperatures, and the quality and chemical composition of the water resource, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations; (c) returning water to the source aquifer to avoid the intermingling and depletion of aquifers; (d) any equipment, easements, or rights -of -access by other persons or bodies; (e) the unobstructed and sustainable return capacity of well or tile bed systems under winter conditions; (f) the most feasible direct pipe routing for collection and return lines both indoors and outdoors; (g) the minimum radii of pipe curves to avoid kinking; (h) appropriate sizing of pumps, taking into consideration pumping requirements and energy use; (1) minimizing water consumption; and (j) the distance between discharge and supply welts. 7.3.3 If an injection well is used, water shall be returned to the source or to an aquifer of like water quality to avoid the intermingling of contaminants and depletion of aquifers. 32 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems O Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 8. Ground -Heat Exchanger and Groundwater Well Installation 8.1 Ground -Heat Exchanger Installation 8.1.1 The installing contractor shall ensure that the collector system meets the requirements of Clauses 8.1.2 to 8.1.9. 8.1.2 Closed -loop system piping shall not be installed less than 1.2 m (4 ft) below the finished surface of the ground. Where this is not possible, waterproof insulation shall be applied to provide appropriate protection. iea[eur Sirnple seukement. Le stockage, la distribution au I utilisali Licensed to/Autorise a Darcy Herds. Godfrey Associates Ltd, on/e 1/18/2007 Single user license only. Storage, disdbution or use on network prohEbitedJPermis d'u 8.1.3 The contractor shall ensure that excavations are performed in accordance with the construction requirements issued by the local, regional, provincial, or national authorities having jurisdiction. 8.1.4 Prior to insertion in boreholes and backfilling, each heat exchanger shall be filled with water, pressure -tested for leaks and integrity, and sealed. For the pressure test, compressed air shall be used to compress the water in the sealed pipe to a minimum pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi) for at least 1 h after stabilization of the pressure reading, without any indication of a significant pressure drop or leakage. This pressure shall be maintained in the pipe until at least 1 h after completion of tremie-grouting of the borehole. 8.1.5 The grouting requirements of Clause 8.1.4 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 8.1.6 All submerged systems shall be protected from freezing by the use of a device that automatically circulates the loop contents when the outside temperature reaches the limit of the loop's antifreeze protection. This is not necessary if the entire loop system is a minimum of 1.2 m (4 ft) below ground. 8.1.7 The contractor shall ensure that horizontal ground -heat exchangers are adequately separated from well -water systems and on -site sewage disposal systems to prevent excessive cooling or freezing of such systems. 8.1.8 Parallel collector systems shall be used on all closed -loop systems under the following conditions to minimize pipe pressure drop: (a) when 19 mm (3/4 in) pipe is used and the flow rate equals or exceeds 0.24 L/s (3.2 imp. gpm); (b) when 25.4 mm (1 in) pipe is used and the flow rate equals or exceeds 0.45 Lis (5.9 imp. gpm); and (c) when 31.8 mm (1-1/4 in) pipe is used and the flow rate equals or exceeds 0.85 Lis (11.2 imp. gpm). 8.1.9 When installing a new heat pump in an existing closed -loop collector system, the antifreeze solution shall conform to the requirements of this Standard. February 2002 33 C448.2-02 O Canadian Standards Association 8.2 Groundwater System Installation 8.2.1 The installing contractor shall ensure that the groundwater system meets the requirements of Clauses 8.2.2 to 8.2.5. 8.2.2 Open systems shall not be connected to (a) municipal water supplies or other common user systems unless the express written approval of the authority having jurisdiction is provided; and (b) water distribution systems unless an approved backflow prevention device is installed in accordance with CSA Standard B64 Series. 8.2.3 The requirements of Clauses 8.2.3 to 8.2.6 of CSA Standard C448.1 shall apply. 8.2.4 The contractor shall ensure that the water supply well(s) and pumping equipment are installed, hydraulically tested, and sealed by qualified well contractor(s), and shall obtain a water -well record or well -pump test data in accordance with approved well construction practices. n or use an network prohibitedJPermis d'utiimateur simple seulement Le s Licensed to1Autorise a iaarcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, untie 1118/2007. Single user license only. Storage, diistri 8.2.5 The contractor shall ensure that the sustainable yield of well water exceeds by 1.5 times the total of both the domestic water requirements of 0.38 Lis (minimum 5 imp. gpm) and the requirements of the heat pump(s). 9. Ground Coupling Testing and Verification Protocol 9.1 The installing contractor shall ensure that the system is pressure -tested for 1 h at 690 kPa (100 psi) pressure with no leaks and that the requirements of Clauses 9.2 to 9.4 are strictly fulfilled. 9.2 Pressure -testing of the ground -heat exchanger to determine if there are any leaks shall be completed after the complete ground -heat exchanger and header have been installed, flushed, and purged. All leaks shall be properly repaired prior to inserting the ground -heat exchanger into a borehole or backfilling. 9.3 After a closed -loop system is installed and backfilling is completed, the system shall be charged with the antifreeze solution (with a concentration verified by a hydrometer) and pressurized through the terminal valves in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 9.4 When installing a new heat pump in an existing closed -loop heat exchanger system, the collector heat exchanger shall be flow -tested to ensure compliance with the heat pump manufacturer's specifications and shall be pressure -tested at 500 kPa (75 psi) for 4 h. Note: It is advisable to pressure -test an existing dosed -loop system before commencing any further work. 34 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems © Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 10. Heat Pump and Distribution System Design 10.1 The installing contractor shall ensure that the installation meets the requirements specified in Clauses 10.2 to 10.21. 10.2 The heating and/or cooling load of the structure shall be calculated in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-F280 or a software program based on CSA Standard CAN/CSA-F280, and a copy shall be provided to the owner upon completion of the installation. The installing contractor shall assume responsibility for ensuring that any software program utilized shall provide results in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-F280. Storage, distribution or use on network prahibitedJPermis d'utlisateur simple seulemenl. Le stockage, la distribution o LEcensed to/Autarie 9 Darcy Hams, Godfrey Associates Ltd, wilt WM097. Single use 10.3 The heat pump(s) shall be sized in such a way that their rated heating capacity, at the minimum entering liquid temperature (0°C (32°F) for closed -loop systems and 10°C (50°F) for open systems), is not less than 70% of the building's design heat load. The combined output of the heat pump and any supplementary heat shall be equal to or greater than 100% design, but the heat pump shall not exceed 105% of the design heat loss. Note: The intent of this clause is to ensure that the heat pump supplies more than 90% of the building's annual space heating energy load. 10.4 When designing a system to both heat the building space and supply S0% of the domestic hot water to the building on demand, the domestic hot-water load shall be added to the building's design heat load calculated in Clause 10.2. 10.5 The system design shall meet the specifications of the manufacturer and this Standard. 10.6 Heat pumps shall be installed on resilient pads to reduce sound and vibration transmission. 10.7 A new forced -air distribution system installed in a single family residential dwelling shall be designed and installed in accordance with the HRAI Digest. The installation shall include the internal acoustical insulation of both the supply and return plenums. 10.8 Equipment shall be located to optimize operating efficiency, and due consideration shall be given to (a) ease of access for servicing; (b) easy removal and replacement of air filters by the owner; (c) the design of the air distribution and/or hydronic system; (d) the location of the supply and return pipe stubs; and (e) the preferred location of the domestic hot water (DHW) tank (where connected). 10.9 Before the first takeoff run on both the supply and return plenums, flexible connections between the heat pump and duct system, shall be installed to minimize vibration transmission to the duct system. February 2002 35 C448.2-02 © Canadian Standards Association 10.10 Two or more units in a residential application shall not be connected in parallel air -flow to a common air duct system. 10.11 Air ducting when retrofitting an existing building shall be upgraded, if necessary, to provide adequate capacity for the output of the heat pump as prescribed by this Standard and the HRA! Digest. rib talon or use ¢n network prohibiled.fPermis d'utikseteur simple seulement. Le stookaga. la distribution ou 'utilisation curie reseau est interdit. 118/2007. Single user Licensed to/Autorise a Darcy Harris, Godfrey Assoc 10.12 An easily removable access panel of sufficient size and in an appropriate location on the plenum shall be provided so that the air coil can be conveniently accessed for cleaning. 10.13 A minimum 19 mm (3/4 in) nominal pipe size condensate drain, pitched in the direction of flow and complete with a vent and trap, shall be provided. Note: Although rigid (eg, PVC or copper) pipe is preferred, flexible non -collapsible pipe may also be used. Where necessary, a condensate pump should be installed. 10.14 For electromechanical devices the thermostat shall be wired to the heat pump using, at minimum, colour -coded single -cable 18 gauge low -voltage multiple wire. 10.15 All the control wiring and the supervision of the power wiring connections to all the heat pump components shall be the responsibility of the contractor installing the heat pump. 10.16 Pipe connections between a heat pump and a copper -pipe ground collector system shall incorporate a length of approved flexible non-conductive pipe. 10.17 Suitable water flow valves and components that reduce water shock and water flow noise shall be used. 10.18 Isolation valves on closed -loop or open -loop systems shall include adequate connections (PT plugs) to flush, purge, test for flow and temperature, and to pressurize the system as a normal service procedure. 10.19 Refrigerants shall comply with the manufacturer's specification and be acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 10.20 The refrigerant system shalt be serviced only by a refrigeration mechanic licensed by the authority having jurisdiction. 10.21 If the refrigerant system is to be purged, the refrigerant shall be captured and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction. 36 February 2002 Design and installation of Earth Energy Systems 0 Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 11. Heat Pump and Distribution System Installation 11.1 The manufacturer or distributor shall ensure that the heat pump supplied meets the requirements of Clauses 11.2 to 11.11. 11.2 Certification that the heat pump performance has been rated in accordance with CSA Standard CAN/CSA-C13256-1 shall be provided. pie seuler ent, Le siockage, le diatribiAion au I'uh'ti n or use an network prchibiied.)Permis d' Licensed to/Autorist a Darcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Lt 11.3 The manufacturer shall supply the contractor with up-to-date, clear, correct, and comprehensive instructions and pertinent tables or graphs in printed form for the following: (a) determining performance at other than rating conditions; (b) properly installing the equipment; (c) determining electrical conductor gauges and fuse/circuit breaker sizes; (d) assembling the system; (e) troubleshooting malfunctions; and (f) properly sizing and designing the collector system. 11.4 The dealer or contractor shall be supported with (a) sufficient inventories of any proprietary functional replacement parts to enable service to be undertaken without delay; and (b) up-to-date parts lists. 11.5 The heat pump shall be shipped with any applicable warranty or extended warranty information. Such information shall be provided to the purchaser by the contractor. 11.6 The installing contractor shall be provided with a statement of policy from the manufacturer regarding parts, labour, and the duration of warranty. 11.7 Closed -loop recirculating pumps shall be corrosion -resistant and suitable for the anticipated operating temperature rise. 11.8 The unit condensate shall be disposed of through a trapped drain in accordance with applicable plumbing codes. 11.9 Domestic hot water recirculating pumps shall be appropriate for their use and approved by the heat pump manufacturer. 11.10 The pipes between the heat pump and the domestic hot-water heater shall include provision for the elimination of vibration transmission. February 2002 37 C448.2-02 © Canadian Standards Association 11.11 An installations that include domestic hot-water production shall be fitted with a control mechanism (mechanical or electronic) to prevent heating the domestic hot water to a temperature higher than 60°C (140°F). d!isalion sur le reseal; est interdit licensed tolAglorise A ❑arcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, onlle 'd1 EMIT. Single user license only- Storage, di$tribdlion or use an network prohibited/Penis d'ulillsateur simple se 12. System Start-up and Turnover 12.1 The installing contractor shall ensure that the system installation meets the requirements of Clauses 12.2 to 12.20. 12.2 The start-up of the system shall be done by the contractor and in accordance with procedures specified by this Standard and the manufacturer. 12.3 Neither the unit nor the air distribution blower shall be started and made operational until all drywall, wood floor, window, and door installations are completed. 12.4 The power wiring shall be installed by electricians, but the low -voltage (Class 2) wiring final connections may be made by the contractor. 12.5 For new or retrofit installations, an electrical safety permit shall be obtained by the contractor from the authorities having jurisdiction, prior to installation of the heat pump system. 12.6 All work shall be of good calibre and in accordance with accepted industry practice and standards. 12.7 A clean air filter shall be installed at start-up, and the customer shall be advised of the importance of filter maintenance. 12.8 All ductwork, piping, and wiring shall be properly supported or clipped to prevent sagging, excessive movement, or an unsightly installation. Note: Electrical wiring should not be mechanically fastened to the ductwork system. 12.9 The power supply for supplementary add-on duct heaters and electric water heating shall be a separate electrical circuit. 12.10 The thermostat shall be mounted in a suitable location free of drafts and away from any extraneous heating or cooling influence. 38 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems 0 Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings 12.11 The duct system shall be adjusted for proper balance, and the owner shall receive instructions on the method of adjusting the air to the levels he/she finds comfortable without reducing airflow below that recommended by the manufacturer. 12.12 The owner shall be given the manufacturer's instruction booklet. anon Sur ie risen est inlerdit lisateur simple seuiement Le stotkege, la disatribuli 12.13 An installation checklist containing the required data (see Annex A) shall be completed and permanently affixed to the heat pump, with two additional copies given to the owner. 12.14 Supply and return valves on all systems shall be marked accordingly on the inside wall of the building. 12.15 Supply and return lines on open systems shall be clearly identified by a marker at the point of entry to a surface water resource. 12.16 The position of a submerged heat exchanger shall be clearly marked with a warning stake 1 m (3.3 ft) in height at the point of water entry. Submerged collector systems installed in areas requiring shoreline alteration approval shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction. 12.17 All submerged heat exchanger installations shall comply with the authority having jurisdiction. 12.18 Any completion certificates required by the authority having jurisdiction shall be completed and returned to the authority. 12.19 The owner shall be informed of the necessity of maintaining the power supply to the circulating pump(s) for those dosed -loop heat pump systems that may experience freezing conditions. 12.20 The system shall be labelled at the loop charging valves. The labels shall be of a permanent type and contain the following information: (a) antifreeze type and concentration; (b) service date; and (c) company name, phone number, and contact person. February 2002 39 C448,2-02 © Canadian Standards Association Annex A (Informative) Installation Checklist for Open- and Closed -Loop Earth Energy Heat Pump Systems Licensed felAulerlsa a Darcy Warrs. Godfrey Associates Ltd, on/ie 1/1812007, Single user license only. Storage, disfribstien or use on network prohibiledJPermis d'utilisadeur simple seulemenL Le stockage, la dis Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard. (Two Copies Are to Be Provided to the Owner) Owner's Name Date Address Province Postal Code Phone Contractor's Name Date Address Province Postal Code Phone System Type: Open -Loop ❑ Closed -Loop ❑ House Size Design Heat Load (Building) Design Method Design Cooling Load Method Domestic Hot Water Load (Met By System) Total Heating Load Type Of Distribution System; Forced -Air ❑ Hydronic ❑ Heat Pump Make Model/Serial No Heating Capacity Cooling Capacity Check off appropriate entering water temperatures (EWT). (Refer to CSA Standard CAN/CSA-013256-1) Heating EWT: Cooling EWT: 0°C (32°F) ❑ 10°C (50°F) ❑ 25°C (77°F) ❑ 10°C (50°F) ❑ 1f A Closed -Loop System: Heat Exchanger Length, if Horizontal Two -Pipe ❑ Other ❑ Heat Exchanger Type, if Horizontal Single -Pipe ❑ Four -Pipe ❑ Borehole Depth and Number, if Vertical Heat Exchanger Sized According to: Manufacturer ❑ IIf Software, Program Used: Backfill Materials, Horizontal Trenches Borehole Fill Material, if Vertical Type Of Antifreeze/inhibitors Quantity Antifreeze Protection Level Loop Test Pressure System Static Pressure If An Open -Loop System: Attach copy of water well record or well pump test and include the number and specifications of wells, intake, and pumps. Marking/Instructions Checklist If A Closed -Loop System: Supply and Return Valves Marked Accordingly Submerged Heat Exchanger Position Marked at Shoreline Label at Loop Charging Valve Showing Antifreeze Type, Concentration, Contractor Information Owner Given Manufacturer Documentation and Warranty on System Owner Given Site Survey Worksheet of Installed System (Including Dimensions/Locations of all Piping, Diameter, Depths and Lengths of Loops, Septic Systems, Water Inlet Lines, Lot Lines, etc.) if An Open -Loop System: Supply and Return Lines to be Identified by Marker at Point of Entry to Water Wells ❑ Inform Owner of Possible Effects on Supply Water Well of Open -Loop System — Water Quality, Quantity, etc. ❑ Ensure Water Supply Well is Sealed in Accordance with Approved Well Construction Practices ❑ Ensure Water Well Yields Water to Supply Both Domestic and Heat Pump Requirements at Time of Installation ❑ This installation was done in accordance with CSA Standard C448.2, Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems for Residential and Other Small Buildings, and currently applicable regulations. Name: (Please Print or Type) Date 40 Signature February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems © Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings Annex B (Informative) Site Survey Worksheet Note: This Annex is not a mandatory port of this Standard. le reseau est Inlerdit. p!e seulemen1 Le stockage, Ea distribution ou I'utifs y Associates Ltd, onlle 7!7612007. Single user Ilcense only. Storage, dislribubon or use on network prohibited/Permis Licensed totAulors0 d Darcy Harris, Customer Address Date Phone Legal Description Performed by Phone (Name) Company Name Signature New Construction D Retrofit 0 Construction Permit and Number Heat Loss and Energy Analysis by Soil/Rock Types and Conditions Drill Regulations Special Requirements SERVICE LOCATE CHECKLIST ❑ POWER LINES Overhead Underground ❑ NATURAL GAS O PROPANE ❑ PUBLIC WATER ❑ WATER WELL Depth, m (ft) PUBLIC SEWER ON -SITE SEWER TELEPHONE LINE Overhead Underground O TV CABLE O FUEL LINES ❑ EASEMENTS ❑ SPRINKLER ❑ TILE DRAIN ❑ BUILDING ENTRANCE Li UNIT LOCATION O POND Size Avg, Depth Min. Depth O OTHER ❑ ELEVATION POND/HOUSE O FUTURE BUILDING (Buildings, pools, etc) Acknowledged By: Owner/Agent (Date) Installation Date Scale February 2002 SITE PLAN COMPANY HEADING Locate property lines, existing structures or obstructions, future consideration sites, utilities and services, heat pump unit circulating pump kit where it enters structure slopes (% and direction), and equipment access routes. 41 C448.2-02 O Canadian Standards Association Annex C (Informative) A Multiple Measure Method for Determining the Appropriate Size of a Closed -Loop Earth Energy Heating and Cooling System for a Small Building Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard but is written in mandatory language to accommodate its adoption by anyone wishing to do so. 78!2007. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network protelbhedJPermis d'utilisateur s mple seulemenL Le s ookage. to distribution o nsed tolAutorise b Darcy Harris. Godfrey Associates Ltd. Cl. Introduction Consideration shall be given to the following points before using the multiple measure method outlined in Clause C2: (a) The system is viewed as a complete heating and cooling system consisting of an extended range water source heat pump, an auxiliary back-up heat source, and a liquid thermal energy exchange circuit (closed- or open -loop) with pumping. (b) The heating or cooling load of the building requires a system of 105 kW (360 MBtu) nominal cooling capacity, or less. Buildings and occupancy conditions requiring a heating or cooling capacity above 105 kW typically behave differently from an energy -use perspective and will most likely require a different energy -use model. Consult with manufacturers or a professional engineer regarding buildings requiring more than 105 kW heating or cooling capacity. (c) The multiple measure method determines a system balance point (SBP), utilizing a heating correction factor (Cd factor). Single measure procedures generally use methods such as heat -loss calculation, cooling -load calculation, or degree days to size equipment. (d) in order to determine a system balance point (SBP), the following assumptions shall be made: (i) Due to solar and internal gains, the structure will not require any heating until the outdoor temperature falls below 18.3°C (65°F). (ii) The structure will experience internal and solar gains; these phenomena are called the Cd factor, as outlined in the ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals. (iii) Heating energy requirements of the structure will be reduced due to the Cd factor. (iv) The Cd factor will vary with construction quality, base electric loads, glass area, occupancy requirements, and latitude. (e) The Cd factor is determined by estimating the amount of heat gain the structure experiences, the annual heating requirement of the structure (annual degree days), the ability of a building to retain internal heat due to construction quality, and the building heat loss. (f) The multiple measure method estimates the capacity requirements necessary for a heat pump system to supply a targeted minimum of 95% of the annual heating requirements for the structure. The remaining 5% would be provided by the auxiliary back-up heat source, eg, an electric plenum heater energized while the earth energy heat pump operates. (g) This method applies to combination heating and cooling systems only, where energy is transferred between the structure and the earth in both directions, as determined by the season. Heating only and cooling only systems may require the use of a different sizing method. Manufacturers or a professional engineer shall be consulted regarding the design of single function systems. (h) The multiple measure method can be used to size both open- and closed -loop systems. (i) The multiple measure method is appropriate for typical Canadian applications, where annual heating kWh requirements are in excess of the annual cooling kWh requirements. (j) Where excessive differences between heating and cooling loads are expected, consideration shall be given to either (i) the unit's cooling mode sensible heat ratio (Sl-IR) and its ability to remove airborne moisture during short running periods; or 42 February 2002 Design and installation of Earth Energy Systems O Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings (ii) the application of dual compressor equipment or two -speed compressor equipment, each having a reduced cooling capacity in part -load conditions. C2. Multiple Measure Method C2.1 Step 1: Residential Heating and Cooling Load Calculation Perform or secure an accurate heating and cooling load calculation acceptable to local building authorities, eg, the calculation provided in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-F280. ement. Le sbckage, la distribution ou ruulisation sur le reseau est interdit. Licensed tolAulorire a Darcy Harris. Godfrey Associates Lid, on/le 111812007. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network pr obibitedJPermis realisateu C2.2 Step 2: Determining a Gains Factor To calculate the Cd factor, the system designer shall first determine what each of the gains would be, ranging from low through average to high, to determine an appropriate gains factor. The Cd factor for a structure takes into consideration the heat gains accumulated by the structure averaged over a 24 h period. As the building will experience heat gain from solar, occupancy, and electrical sources, the structure's ability to maintain these gains is dependent on the construction quality (ie, insulation levels, infiltration levels, and ventilation levels). The gains factor is calculated using the values from Table C1 as follows: Gains factor = (SF + OF + EUF) x CQF February 2002 Table C1 Gains Factor Solar gains per ft2* SF Factor Description 3 Large glass area 2 Average glass area 1 Small glass area Occupancy per ft2* OF factor Description 3 High 2 Average 1 Low Base electrical usage EUF factor Description 6 High 4 Average 2 Low Construction quality CQF factor Description 8 High quality (low infiltration) 6 Average quality (average infiltration) 4 Poor quality (high infiltration) *The yard/pound unit ft2 has been used because there is no direct conversion for the values used. 43 C448.2-02 0 Canadian Standards Association Example: Gains factor = (average glass area (SF) + average occupancy (OF) + average electrical use (EUF)) x average construction quality (CQF) = (2 + 2 + 4) x 6 = 48 C2.3 Step 3: Determining the Cd Factor Use the gains factor calculated from Table C'l. Use Table C2 to determine a Cd factor based on the annual degree days of the installation. Table C2 Cd Factor Chart Annual Celsius (Fahrenheit) degree days Gains 555 1110 1665 2220 2775 3330 3885 4440 4995 factor 0 (1000) (2000) (3000) (4000) (5000) (6000) (7000) (8000) (9000) edJPermis d'utilts-stew simple seclemont. Le stcckage, la distribution ou 1' Single user license only, Storage, distribution or use an network pro Licensed 'so/kilo/1st 3 Darcy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, an/le 100 0.63 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.47 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.49 0.51 90 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.56 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 80 0.71 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.57 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 70 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.65 60 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 SO 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.67 0,69 0.71 0.73 0.75 40 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 30 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 20 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 10 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 Gains 5550 6105 6660 7215 7770 8325 8880 9435 9990 10 545 factor (10 000) (11 000) (12 000) (13 000) (14 000) (15 000) (16 000) (17 000) (18 000) (19 000) 100 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 90 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 80 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 70 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 60 0.72 0,74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 50 0.77 0.79 0.81 0,83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 40 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 30 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 1,00 20 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Example: Find the heating correction factor for a home in Winnipeg with 10 662 degree days that has average glass area, average occupancy, average electrical base, and average construction quality. Therefore, Gains factor = (2 + 2 + 4) x 6 = 48 From Table C2, using 6105 (11 000) degree days (rounded up) and a gains factor rounded to 50, Cd factor = 0.79. 44 February 2002 Design and installation of Earth Energy Systems 0 Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings C2.4 Step 4: Determining the System Balance Point (SBP) by Degree Days Experience reveals that if the earth energy heat pump provides a minimum of 95% of the annual heating of the home, without a need for auxiliary heat, the system is sufficiently sized for heating in Canada. The SBP is determined from climatological data and is an estimate of the outdoor temperature at which it is feasible to allow auxiliary heat to supplement the earth energy heat pump so as to provide a minimum of 95% of the annual heating load of the home. nse only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibitedJPermis d'utiliseteursimple seu3ement. Le stackage le distnbvtIon oe futilisetion ea le reseau est 1 Godfrey Assacietes L[d, be/t1/ B Licensed to/Aulorisd 3 Darcy H Table C3 System Balance Point (SBP) by Degree Days Annual number of degree days Recommended SBP, °C (°F) 3053 to 3330 (5500 to 6000) 3608 to 3885 (6500 to 7000) 4163 to 4440 (7500 to 8000) 4718 to 4995 (8500 to 9000) 5273 to 5550 (9500 to 10 000) 5828 to 6105 (10 500 to 11 000) 6383 to 6660 (11 500 to 12 000) 6938 to 7215 (12 500 to 13 000) 7493 to 7770 (13 500 to 14 000) 8048 to 8325 (14 500 to 15 000) 8603 to 8880 (15 500 to 16 000) 9158 to 9435 (16 500 to 17 000) 9713 to 9990 (17 500 to 18 000) -5.6 to -2.8°C (22 to 27°F) - 13.9 to -11.1°C (7 to 12°F) -19.4 to -13.9°C (-3 to 7°F) -25.0 to -22.2°C (-13 to -8°F) -27.8 to -22.2°C (-18 to -8°F) -27.8 to -25.0°C (-18 to -13°F) -30.6 to -25.0°C (-23 to -13°F) -30.6 to -25.0°C (-23 to -13°F) - 36.1 to -33.3°C (-33 to -28°F) - 36.1 to -33.3°C (-33 to -28°F) - 36.1 to -33.3°C (-33 to -28°F) -36.1 to -33.3°C (-33 to -28°F) -36.1 to -33.3°C (-33 to -28°F) Note: The variation in the balance point reflects the minimum and maximum Cd factors for the degree day ranges. Example: Using the Cd factor calculated in Step 3 and a heat loss of, for example, 13.2 kW (45 000 Btuh) for the same Winnipeg example, the following can be ascertained: Heat loss (HD) =13.2 kW (45 000 Btuh) Winnipeg temperature difference (TD) = 55°C (99°F), (97.5%, ie, the design temperature heat loss for typical home heating purposes according to the ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals) Cd factor = 0.79 Heating degree days below 18.3°C (65°F) (ie, the temperature at which heating in a home is not required) = 10 662 SBP = --26°C (-16°F) interpolated from Table C3. As the Cd factor of 0.79 is about halfway between the minimum 0.98 and maximum 0.55, a balance point shall be assumed halfway between -28.4°C (-18°F) and -25.0°C (-13°F); this balance point is -26.6°C (-16°F). February 2002 45 C448.2-02 © Canadian Standards Association C2.5 Step 5: Heat Pump Heating Capacity and Entering Water Temperature (EWT) Correction for Closed -Loop Systems The ground source heat pump heating capacity, Q, for the example given in Clause C2.4 is as follows: in Si units: Q _ HL x Cd x (18.3°C--SBP) TD (°C) Q - 13.2 x 0.79 x (18.3°C - -26°C) 55°C Q 13.2x0.79x45°C 55°C Q =8.53 kW in yard/pound units: Q _ HL x Cd x (65°F-SBP) TD (°F) Q 45 000 x 0.79 x (65°F - -16°F) 99°F 45 000 x 0.79 x 81°F Q - 99°F Q = 29 086 Btu Once the heating capacity (Q) is determined, consideration shall be given to the temperature of the fluid entering the heat pump unit. Heat pumps experience a significant decrease in heating capacity as the entering water (fluid) temperature (EWT) decreases. For closed -loop units, as specified in CSA Standard CAN/CSA-C13256-1, EWT requires a 0°C (32°F) test at low -temperature performance conditions. Generally, north of the 49° latitude, a closed -loop earth energy system will operate below 0°C (32°F). In some cases, it cannot be designed to operate at 0°C (32°F) due to the low average earth temperature. Experience reveals that a properly designed ground -heat exchanger will, by the end of the heating season, have a temperature difference between the EWT and the average soil temperature (AST) of 10°C (18°F) for wet soils, 11°C (20°F) for damp soils, and 14°C (25°F) for dry soils. Thus in Winnipeg, with a damp clay soil, AST = 7.2°C (45°F); therefore, EWT is likely to be -4°C (25°F) based on a damp soil condition. Given the EWT correction for closed -loop systems, the system outlined in the Winnipeg example should be sized as follows: Q = 8.53 kW (29 086 Btuh) at (7.2°C (45° F) -11.0°C (20°F)) EWT Q = 8.53 kW (29 086 Btuh) at -4.0°C (25° F) EWT Therefore, the unit selected should have a heating capacity of 8.53 kW (29 086 Btuh) at --4°C (25° F) EWT. If hot-water heating capacity is needed, it should be derived from heating capacity that is supplied in excess of 8.53 kW (29 086 Btuh), unless the hot water generator is automatically de -energized when auxiliary heat is energized. Note: The sizing of open -loop systems is typically based on the assumption that the average soil temperature for the 46 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems O Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings region will be the same as the constant EWT. If the water source is from a deep well, this assumption is usually true. If a shallow well is the source, however, care should be taken to establish a minimum well temperature and water flow rates in the spring when surface runoff can produce well -water temperatures considerably below average soil temperature. Water entering the unit at colder temperatures may cause freezing of the unit's water in the refrigerant heat exchanger, which may cause catastrophic damage to the system. C2.6 Step 6: Selecting an Appropriate Ground -Heat Exchanger Select ground -heat exchanger lengths from Table C4 based upon the nominal cooling capacity of the unit selected to fulfill the heating requirements. This would be, in our example, the nominal cooling capacity of a unit that has a heating capacity of 8.53 kW (29 086 Btuh) at -4°C (25°F) EWT. Table C4 Minimum Ground -Heat Exchanger Lengths Licensed tolAulars8 6 Gamy Harris, Godfrey Associates Ltd, ordla I/IS/2007. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network proh'rbited)Permis d'utiiisateur simple settlement. Le dockage, la distribution ou ruufsaro Horizontal 32 mm (1.25 in) diameter pipe Pipes per trench Trench length per Trench length per kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft Pipe length per kW cooling, m Pipe length per kW cooling, ft 1 35 2 22 115 35 72 44 115 144 Vertical Pipes per Bore length per Bore length per Pipe length per borehole kW cooling, (m) kW cooling, ft kW cooling, m Pipe length per kW cooling, ft 1 pair 13 43 Pond Mat layout 26 85 26 26 46 85 Horizontal 25 mm (1 in) diameter pipe Pipes per trench Trench length per Trench length per kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft Pipe length per kW cooling, m Pipe length per kW cooling, ft 1 2 4 6 37 24 14 12 121 79 46 43 37 48 56 72 121 158 184 234 Vertical Pipes per Bore length per Bore length per borehole kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft Pipe length per kW cooling, m Pipe length per kW cooling, ft 1 pair 14 46 Pond Mat layout 26 85 28 26 92 85 February 2002 (Continued) 47 C448.2-02 O Canadian Standards Association Table C4 (Concluded) Horizontal 20 mm (0.75 in) diameter pipe gle user license only. Storage, distribution or use an network prohibitedlPerrnis d'utiGsateur situp a seulament Le slockage, la distribution nu ('utilisation sur le reseau est inlerdit. Licensed to AuIorlse d Darcy Harris. Godfrey Associates Ltd, on/le 1/1 Pipes per trench Trench length per Trench length per Pipe length per Pipe length per kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft 1 39 128 39 128 2 25 82 50 164 4 15 49 60 196 6 13 43 78 258 Vertical Pipes per Bore length per Bore length per Pipe length per Pipe length per borehole kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft kW cooling, m kW cooling, ft 1 pair 15 Pond Mat layout 26 49 85 30 98 26 85 Example: Q = 8.53 kW at --4°C EWT (Q = 29 086 Btuh at 25°F EWT) Thus, typically, a manufacturer's nominal 12.3 kW (3.5 ton) unit produces 8.75 kW (29 850 Btuh) of heating capacity at —4°C (25°F) EWT. In addition, 1.11 kW (3800 Btuh) are available to heat hot water. The unit has sufficient heating capacity for space heating and additional domestic hot water heating capacity. The nominal cooling capacity of this unit is 12.6 kW (43 000 Btuh) at 25°C (77°F) EWT. Therefore, if a 20 mm (3/4 in) diameter vertical ground -heat exchanger was used in the Winnipeg example, the selection from Table C4 should be 15 m (50 ft) of borehole per kW of cooling capacity or 183 ft/ton. Thus, 15 m (49 ft) x 12.6 kW = 189 m (620 ft) length of borehole. C2.7 Step 7: Correcting for Soil Type The thermal conductivity of soil types varies depending upon soil density and moisture content. Generally, the denser the soil, the higher the thermal conductivity. Similarly with moisture, the higher the moisture content, the higher the thermal conductivity. Loop length correction should be performed to compensate for the local soil conditions for each installation. Table C5 outlines correction factors for various soil types. 48 February 2002 Design and Installation of Earth Energy Systems 0 Canadian Standards Association for Residential and Other Small Buildings Table CS Soil -Type Correction Factors eseau est interdit. Single user license only. Storage, distrbvlion or use on network prohibilecDPennis d'ulilisateur simple seulemenL Le stockage, la distribution Licensed tolAulcrise a Darcy Harris, Godfrey Assaci Soil type Horizontal ground- Vertical ground -heat heat exchangers exchangers Comments Granite n/a 0.85 Hard, dense rock Sedimentary rock n/a 1.00 Limestone, shale Saturated soil n/a 1.00 Water -bearing soil Wet sand 0.95 1.20 Water -bearing sand Heavy damp soil 1 1,30 Heavy, moist clay soils Heavy dry soil 1.45 2.10 Dry clay soils, hard pan Light damp soil 1.45 2.10 Peat and organic soils Light dry soil 2.6 4.50 Not recommended for verticals Dry sand 3.9 8.50 Not recommended for verticals Example: Using the Winnipeg example, assume the soil is clay down to limestone bedrock. Installers usually drill to the bedrock in this region and would install the ground -heat exchanger in the clay overburden. From Table CS a correction factor of 1.3 shall be applied to the initial selection of 189 m (620 ft). 189 m (620 ft) x 1.3 = 246 m (807 ft) (rounded up). Notes: (1) The factors outlined in Tables C4 and CS are designed to produce approximately equal EWTs for the varying pipe sizes. (2) Borehole and trench spacing are based upon a 3 m (10 ft) minimum. (3) Borehole depths are based upon the drilled depth from the level of the header pit not from the finished grade. February 2002 49