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Appendix E - Stage 1 Archaeologoical Assessment - AODA
Appendix E: Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan Within Part of Lots 15-22, Concession 1; Lots 15-22, Concession 2; Lots 18-25, Concession 3; Lots 21-26, Concession 4; Lots 24-26, Concession 5; Lots 25-27, Concession 6; Lots 25-29, Concession 7; Lots 25-32, Concession 8; Lots 29-34, Concession 9; Lots 29-36, Concession 10; Lots 29-30, 35-39, Concession 11; Lots 37-41, Concession 12; And the Road Allowances In Between In the Geographic Township of Collingwood Historic County of Grey Now in the Town of The Blue Mountains County of Grey Ontario Project #: 235-BL2818-20 Licensee (#): Kassandra Aldridge (P439) PIF#: P439-0153-2021 Original Report November 5, 2021 Presented to: Tatham Engineering Limited 115 Sandford Fleming Drive, Suite 200 Collingwood, Ontario L9Y 5A6 T: 705.444.2565 x2090 Prepared by: Archeoworks Inc. 16715-12 Yonge Street, Suite 1029 Newmarket, Ontario L3X 1X4 T: 416.676.5597 F: 647.436.1938 AR C H E O W O R K S I N C . STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archeoworks Inc. was retained by Tatham Engineering Limited to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) in support of the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan (the “study area”). The study area is located within part of Lots 15-22, Concession 1; Lots 15-22, Concession 2; Lots 18-25, Concession 3; Lots 21-26, Concession 4; Lots 24-26, Concession 5; Lots 25-27, Concession 6; Lots 25-29, Concession 7; Lots 25-32, Concession 8; Lots 29-34, Concession 9; Lots 29-36, Concession 10; Lots 29-30, 35-39, Concession 11; Lots 37-41, Concession 12; and the road allowances in between, in the Geographic Township of Collingwood, historic County of Grey, now in the Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey, Ontario. The objectives of this Stage 1 AA were to provide information about the study area’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork and current land condition, to evaluate the archaeological potential of the study area, and to recommend appropriate strategies for further archaeological assessment consistent with the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (‘2011 S&G’). The background research identified a number of different features in and within proximity to the study area that contribute to establishing the potential for the recovery of archaeological significant materials. Identified features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential within the study area include: previously registered archaeological sites, water sources, elevated topography and distinctive land formations, well-drained sandy soils, food resource areas, areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, early historical transportation routes, commemorative plaques, designated cultural heritage properties and candidate cultural heritage landscapes. The background research also identified a number of properties within the study area that have been previously assessed and cleared of further archaeological concern, as well as properties that contain recorded archaeological sites of further cultural heritage value or interest. Combining the information from the background research, as well as the results of the on-site property inspection, and considering the findings detailed in the succeeding sections, the following recommendations are presented: 1. Lands within the study area that were subjected to a previous archaeological assessment (Stage 1 AA, Stage 2 AA, Stage 3 AA and/or Stage 4 Mitigation) and deemed free of further cultural heritage value and interest and/or archaeological concern, with the report accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports, are recommended to be exempt from further assessment. No further work is required within the scope of this project. 2. Outstanding archaeological concerns remain for lands within the study area that were previously subjected to an archaeological assessment wherein a registered archaeological site was identified retaining further cultural heritage value or interest, or the report is awaiting MHSTCI approval (BdHb-1 – Plater-Martin, BdHb-2 – Plater-Fleming, BdHb-7 – P2, BdHb-8 – P3/P4/P5/P6/P7/P8, BdHc-23 – Mill Pond, BdHc-26 – Camperdown I, BdHc- STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. ii 27 – Camperdown II). Prior to any intrusive activity within these lands, these previously registered archaeological sites located within the study area must be subjected to the appropriate archaeological fieldwork as outlined in the recommendations for each respective site report that has been submitted and accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports. 3. Outstanding concerns remain for lands within and immediately adjacent (i.e., within 50 metres) to the study area that were previously subjected to an archaeological assessment wherein a registered archaeological site was identified and the cultural heritage value or interest remains unclear (BdHb-3 – Goodchild, [CL1]BdHc-14 – Indian Brook, BdHc-15 – Craigleith Shale Oil Works, BdHc-5 – MacDairmid). Prior to any intrusive activity within these lands, a copy of the associated archaeological reports must be reviewed to determine the exact location and stage of the previous archaeological assessment as well as if any archaeological assessment work remains outstanding. 4. Parts of the study area that were identified as having archaeological potential removed (i.e., areas of deep and extensive disturbances) are exempt from requiring Stage 2 AA (extents of these areas to be confirmed through a detailed on-site property inspection during a Stage 2 AA as per Section 2.1.8 of the 2011 S&G). 5. Parts of the study area that were identified as having no or low archaeological potential (i.e., wetlands, watercourses and water bodies) are exempt from requiring Stage 2 AA (extents of these areas to be confirmed through a detailed on-site property inspection during a Stage 2 AA). 6. Upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan, any construction activities which impact areas identified as having elevated or uncertain land-based archaeological potential must be subjected to a Stage 2 AA. These areas must be subjected to pedestrian or test pit survey at five-metre intervals in accordance with the standards set within Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 of the 2011 S&G. 7. Areas within the historic Town of Thornbury and Village of Clarksburg retain elevated land-based archaeological potential, including that for deeply buried archaeological resources. Should future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan occur within the historic limits of the Town of Thornbury and/or Village of Clarksburg, a detailed Stage 1 and 2 AA must be undertaken within the potential impact areas to determine the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources and archaeological resources present near the surface. The Stage 2 AA must follow the survey strategies outlined in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 of the 2011 S&G, and, where appropriate, Section 2.1.7 of the 2011 S&G for the survey in deeply buried conditions. 8. Parts of the study area that were identified as retaining marine-based archaeological potential must be subjected to a marine archaeological investigation undertaken by a licenced marine archeologist. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. iii 9. As per the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 no intrusive activity may occur within the limits of the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery or St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance without consent from the cemetery operator and the Bereavement Authority of Ontario. a. Should the area within the current Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery limits be impacted, additional Stage 2 and Stage 3 archaeological cemetery investigations are required. A Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is also required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). b. Should the area within the current St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance limits be impacted, additional Stage 2 archaeological investigation is required. A Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is also required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). The licensee will also consult with the BAO and MHSTCI on any special consideration required for the area containing the scattered remains prior to any Stage 2 or planned invasive impacts at St. George ’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance. 10. Lands within the 20-metre cemetery investigation areas surrounding the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery and St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance (see Maps 17-18) that were identified as having no potential for unmarked burials do not require obtaining a Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) prior to any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring) and do not require a Stage 3 cemetery investigation. 11. Should proposed construction impacts occur within the swaths of land adjacent to the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery identified as having potential for the recovery of unmarked burials, the following archaeological/cemetery investigations are required: a. As there is the potential for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery to extend into the study area, a Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). b. As there is the potential to encounter both deeply buried archaeological resources and for archaeological resources to be present near the surface, per Section 2.1.7, Standard 2 of the 2011 S&G, surface survey methods (Stage 2 AA) must occur to identify any archaeological sites prior to using more invasive methods. c. Following the completion of the Stage 2 AA, per Section 2.2, Guideline 4 of the 2011 S&G, and in accordance with the Registrar’s Directive: Archaeological Assessments & Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated April 11, 2018) and the Registrar’s Directive: Authorization of Archaeological Assessments & STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. iv Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated March 1, 2019), further Stage 3 cemetery investigations are required to determine the boundaries of the cemetery . The recommendations for further Stage 3 cemetery investigations (e.g., hand excavation, mechanical topsoil removal, construction monitoring, etc.) will be refined in consultation with the MHSTCI upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan and detailed design plans are made available. No construction activities shall take place within the study area prior to the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries (Archaeology Programs Unit) confirming in writing that all archaeological licensing and technical review requirements have been satisfied. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. v TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ I TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. V PROJECT PERSONNEL ............................................................................................................ VI 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 CONFIRMATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL ....................................................................................... 27 2.0 PROPERTY INSPECTION .................................................................................................. 28 2.1 PROPERTY INSPECTION METHODS ............................................................................................................. 28 2.2 PROPERTY INSPECTION RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 28 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 30 3.1 ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 36 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 38 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ................................................................. 41 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES ........................................................................................ 42 6.1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................ 42 6.2 MAP SOURCES ....................................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 57 APPENDIX A: MAPS .................................................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND RESEARCH ........................................................................... 85 APPENDIX C: IMAGES ............................................................................................................................... 86 APPENDIX D: INVENTORY OF DOCUMENTARY AND MATERIAL RECORD ................................................. 99 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: PRE-CONTACT PERIOD ........................................................................................................................................ 3 TABLE 2: CONTACT PERIOD .............................................................................................................................................. 5 TABLE 3: SUMMARY OF STRUCTURES AND PROPERTY OWNERS/OCCUPANTS DOCUMENTED IN THE 1872 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP AND THE 1880 ILLUSTRATED ATLAS IN THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................................. 8 TABLE 4: DESIGNATED CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ................................................................... 13 TABLE 5: DESIGNATED CULTURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES WITHIN 300 METRES OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................. 13 TABLE 6: COMMEMORATIVE MARKERS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................... 14 TABLE 7: REGISTERED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN ONE KILOMETRE OF THE STUDY AREA ..................................................... 16 TABLE 8: PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS IN THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................... 18 TABLE 9: STUDY AREA SOIL TYPES ................................................................................................................................... 25 STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. vi PROJECT PERSONNEL Project Director .............................................................Kassandra Aldridge – MHSTCI licence P439 Field Director (Property Inspection) ................................... Lee Templeton – MHSTCI licence R454 Historical Research.................................................................................................... Lee Templeton Graphics ......................................................................................................... Cassandra Lamoureux Lee Templeton Report Preparation ........................................................................................ Cassandra Lamoureux Report Review ............................................................................. Kim Slocki – MHSTCI licence P029 STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 1 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 Objectives The objectives of a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA), as outlined by the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (‘2011 S&G’) published by the Ministry of Heritage, Sport, Tourism and Culture Industries (MHSTCI) (2011), are as follows: • To provide information about the property’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork and current land condition; • To evaluate in detail, the property’s archaeological potential, which will support recommendations for a Stage 2 survey for all or parts of the property; and • To recommend appropriate strategies for a Stage 2 survey. 1.2 Development Context Recently, the Provincial Policy Statement 2020 (PPS) provided direction regarding stormwater management, specifically providing balance between environmental and infrastructure requirements and climate change resiliency, adaptation and mitigation. The Town of The Blue Mountains is undertaking a comprehensive Town-wide Drainage Master Plan following the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Planning Process to serve as a long-term strategy for the Town to manage stormwater in existing and new growth areas. The purpose of the Drainage Master Plan is to: • identify existing and future drainage infrastructure deficiencies and areas of flooding; • develop drainage solutions to address these deficiencies, reduce flooding, resolve public safety concerns and improve maintenance opportunities; • evaluate the drainage solutions through a risk assessment considering costs, impacts on the environment, and input from the public and interested stakeholders; • the selection of a set of preferred solutions to be implemented moving forward; • prioritization of the preferred solutions considering available funding, planned development, capital works budgets, infrastructure condition assessments and coordination with other infrastructure (roads, bridges, sanitary and water main) improvement projects; and • the development of a policy framework for the management of stormwater in existing and future growth areas. The Drainage Master Plan will be focused on the settlement areas in the Town including Lora Bay, Thornbury and Clarksburg, Camperdown, Craigleith and Swiss Meadows, the Blue Mountain Village Area and Castle Glen. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 2 Archeoworks Inc. was retained by Tatham Engineering Limited to conduct a Stage 1 AA in support of the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan project area (i.e., the “study area”). The western limit of the study area is Christie Beach Road, then following the southern shores of Georgian Bay to the easterly study area limit at Long Point Road/Grey Road 21/Grey Road 19; commencing at Christie Beach Road, the southern limits of the study area follow Highway 26 to 10th Line, then south along 10th Line to the urban limits of the Village of Clarksburg, then northeast up to Clark Street, following Clark Street to the east then jutting south and then east to cross Grey Road 2, then southeast to about the intersection of Grey Road 40 and 7 th Line, following 7th Line south and then travelling east to the Niagara Escarpment, then following the northern edge of the escarpment to just south of the Scenic Caves Road and Grey Road 19 intersection, then east towards the easterly limit at Grey Road 19/Grey Road 21. The study area is located within part of Lots 15-22, Concession 1; Lots 15-22, Concession 2; Lots 18-25, Concession 3; Lots 21-26, Concession 4; Lots 24-26, Concession 5; Lots 25-27, Concession 6; Lots 25-29, Concession 7; Lots 25-32, Concession 8; Lots 29-34, Concession 9; Lots 29-36, Concession 10; Lots 29-30, 35-39, Concession 11; Lots 37-41, Concession 12; and the road allowances in between, in the Geographic Township of Collingwood, historic County of Grey, now in the Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey, Ontario (see Appendix A – Map 1). This study was triggered by the Environmental Assessment Act in support of the Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA) Master Plan Process. This Stage 1 AA was conducted under the project direction of Ms. Kassandra Aldridge, under the archaeological consultant licence number P439, in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990; amended 2021) and 2011 S&G. Permission to investigate the study area was granted by Tatham Engineering Limited on March 18th, 2021. 1.3 Historical Context To establish the historical context and archaeological potential of the study area, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a comprehensive review of Indigenous and Euro-Canadian settlement history, and a review of available historical mapping, topographic mapping, aerial imagery and orthophotographs. The results of this background research are documented below and summarized in Appendix B – Summary of Background Research. 1.3.1 Pre-Contact Period The pre-contact period of Southern Ontario includes numerous Indigenous groups that continually progressed and developed within the environment they inhabited (Ferris, 2013, p.13). Table 1 includes a brief overview and summary of the pre-contact Indigenous history of Southern Ontario. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 3 Table 1: Pre-Contact Period Period Date Range Overview and Attributes PALEO-INDIAN (Early) Early ca. 11000 to 8500 BC Small groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers who utilized seasonal and naturally available resources; sites are rare; hunted in small family groups who periodically gathered into larger groups/bands during favourable periods in the hunting cycle; campsites used during travel episodes and found in well-drained soils in elevated situations; sites found primarily along glacial features (e.g., glacial lake shorelines/strandlines) due to current understanding of regional geological history; artifacts include fluted and lanceolate stone points, scrapers and dart heads. - Gainey, Barnes, Crowfield Fluted Points (Early Paleo-Indian) - Holcombe, Hi-Lo, Lanceolates (Late Paleo-Indian) (Ellis and Deller, 1990, pp.37-64; Ellis, 2013, p.37; Wright, 1994, p.25). Late ca. 8500 to 7500 BC ARCHAIC (Middle) Early ca. 7800 to 6000 BC Descendants of Paleo-Indian ancestors; lithic scatters are the most commonly encountered site type; trade networks appear; artifacts include reformed fluted and lanceolate stone points with notched bases to attach to wooden shaft; ground-stone tools shaped by grinding and polishing; stone axes, adzes and bow and arrow; Shield Archaic in Northern Ontario introduced copper tools. - Side-notched, corner-notched, bifurcate projectile points (Early Archaic) - Stemmed, Otter Creek/Other Side-notched, Brewerton side and corner-notched projectile points (Middle Archaic) - Narrow Point, Broad Point, Small Point projectile points (Late Archaic) (Dawson, 1983, pp.8-14; Ellis et al., 1990, pp.65-124; Ellis, 2013, pp.41-46; Wright, 1994, pp.26-28). Middle ca. 6000 to 2000 BC Late ca. 2500 to 500 BC WOODLAND (Late) Early ca. 800 BC to AD 1 Evolved out of the Late Archaic Period; introduction of pottery (ceramic) where the earliest were coil-formed, under fired and likely utility usage; two primary cultural complexes: Meadowood (broad extent of occupation in Southern Ontario) and Middlesex (restricted to Eastern Ontario); poorly understood settlement-subsistence patterns; artifacts include cache blades, and side-notched points that were often recycled into other tool forms; primarily Onondaga chert; intensive exploitation of quarries in southeastern Ontario; commonly associated with Saugeen and Point Peninsula complexes; oral traditions of the Algonquian- speaking Michi Saagiig (Mississauga Anishinaabeg) assert that they, “are the descendants of the ancient peoples who lived in Ontario during the Archaic and Paleo-Indian periods” (Gitiga Migizi and Kapyrka, 2015, p.1). - Meadowood side-notched projectile points (Dawson, 1983, pp.15-19; Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.89-97; Gagné, 2015; Spence et al., 1990, pp.125-142; Williamson, 2013, pp.48-61; Wright, 1994, pp.29- 30). Middle ca. 200 BC to AD 700 Three primary cultural complexes in Southern Ontario: Point Peninsula (generally located throughout south-central and eastern Southern Ontario), Saugeen (generally located southwestern Southern Ontario), and Couture (generally located in southwestern-most part of Ontario); “given the dynamics of hunter- gatherer societies, with high levels of interaction and intermarriage among neighbouring groups, one would not expect the existence of discrete cu ltures” and the “homogeneity of these complexes have been challenged” (Ferris and Spence, 1995, p.98); introduction of large “house” structures and substantial middens; settlements have dense debris cover indicating increased degree of STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 4 Period Date Range Overview and Attributes sedentism; incipient horticulture; burial mounds present; shared preference for stamped, scallop-edged or tooth-like decoration, but each cultural complex had distinct pottery forms; Laurel Culture (ca. 500 BC to AD 1000) established in boreal forests of Northern Ontario. - Saugeen Point projectile points (Saugeen) - Vanport Point projectile points (Couture) - Snyder Point projectile points - Laurel stemmed and corner-notched projectile points (Dawson, 1983, pp.15-19; Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.97-102; Gagné, 2015; Hessel, 1993, pp.8-9; Spence et al., 1990, pp.142-170; Williamson, 2013, pp.48- 61; Wright, 1994, pp.28-33; Wright, 1999, pp.629-649). Late Woodland Late (Transitional) ca. AD 600 to 1000 Earliest Iroquoian development in Southern Ontario is Princess Point which exhibits few continuities from earlier developments with no apparent predecessors; hypothesized to have migrated into Ontario; the settlement data is limited, but oval houses are present; introduction of maize/corn horticulture; artifacts include ‘Princess Point Ware’ vessels that are cord roughened, with horizontal lines and exterior punctation; smoking pipes and ground stone tools are rare; continuity of Princess Point and Late Woodland Iroquoian groups. - Triangular projectile points (Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.102-106; Fox, 1990a, pp.171-188). Early ca. AD 900 to 1300 Two primary Iroquoian cultures in Southern Ontario: Glen Meyer (located primarily in southwestern Ontario from Long Point on Lake Erie to southwestern shore of Lake Huron) and Pickering (encompassed north of Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay and Lake Nipissing); early houses were small and elliptical; developed into multi-family longhouses and some small, semi-permanent palisade villages; adoption of greater variety of harvest goods; increase in corn- yielding sites; well-made and thin-walled clay vessels with stamping, incising and punctation; crudely made smoking pipes, and worked bone/antler present; evolution of ossuary burials; grave goods are rare and not usually associated with a specific individual. - Triangular-shaped, basally concave projectile points with downward projecting corners or spurs (Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.106-109; Williamson, 1990, pp.291-320). Middle ca. AD 1300 to 1400 Two primary Iroquoian cultures in Southern Ontario: Uren and Middleport; increase in village sizes (0.5 to 1.7 hectares) and campsites (0.1 to 0.6 hectares) appear; some with palisades; classic longhouse takes form; increasing reliance on maize and other cultigens such as beans and squash; intensive exploitation of locally available land and water resources; decorated clay vessels decrease; well- developed clay pipe complex that includes effigy pipes; from Middleport emerged the Huron-Wendat, Petun, Neutral Natives and the Erie. - Triangular and (side of corner or corner removed) notched projectile points - Middleport Triangular and Middleport Notched projectile points (Dodd et al., 1990, pp.321-360; Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.109-115). Late ca. AD 1400 to 1600 Two major Iroquoian groups: the Neutral Natives to the west of the Niagara Escarpment near the Lake Ontario shoreline and the Huron-Wendat to the east; it has been theorized that Petun Natives (Tionnontaté or Khionontateronon) arrived in the area between the Nottawasaga, Niagara Escarpment and Georgian Bay from Neutral Native territory as early as AD 1580; are theorized to derive from Neutral Natives but origins still in question; the Odawa (or ‘Ottawa’), an Algonquian speaking cultural and linguistic group of the Anishinaabeg, arrived in STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 5 Period Date Range Overview and Attributes the Beaver Valley area during the fifteenth century (Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, pp.25-27; Ferris and Spence, 1995, pp.115-122; Garrad, 2014, pp.1, 147-148; Warrick, 2000, p.446). 1.3.2 Contact Period The contact period of Southern Ontario is defined by European arrival, interaction and influence with the established Indigenous communities of Southern Ontario. Table 2 includes an overview of some of the main developments that occurred during the contact period of Southern Ontario. Table 2: Contact Period Period Date Range Overview and Attributes European Contact ca. AD 1600s French arrival into Ontario; interaction with two native cultural groups: 1) Petun Natives (Tionnontaté or Khionontateronon): located in the Blue Mountain region; called Petun, a term of Brazilian origin meaning tobacco, by Samuel de Champlain who observed them cultivating and trading tobacco; Récollet Priests arrived in Petun territory and established the Mission of the Apostles to the Petun; portage routes include the Nottawasaga River and along the Beaver River near Clarksburg and Thornbury; similar in language, dress and religious beliefs to the neighbouring Huron-Wendat; Jesuit missionaries; disease reduced the population by 60%. 2) Odawa: settled along western limit of Niagara Escarpment and west of the Petun; favoured the gravel ridge south of Clarksburg; small population and known to Samuel de Champlain as the Cheveux relevés or ‘standing hairs’; settlement believed to be near Craigleith; shared resources of the Niagara Escarpment with the Petun, particularly the Scenic Caves near the Standing Rock ‘Ekarenniondi’; artifacts on Odawa sites reflect long distance trade and travel. (Bricker, 1934, p.58; Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, pp.27-28; Feest and Feest, 1978, pp.772-786; Flynn, 1999, p.10; Fox, 1990b, pp.458, 473; Garrad, 2014, pp.148, 167-177, 215, 490; Garrad and Heidenreich, 1978, pp.394-397; Trigger, 1994, p.51). Five Nations of Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) ca. AD 1650s The Five (later Six) Nations of Iroquois (or Haudenosaunee), originally residing south of the Great Lakes, engaged in warfare with other Iroquois groups as their territory no longer yielded enough furs; the Five Nations, armed with Dutch firearms, attacked and destroyed numerous Huron-Wendat villages in 1649-50; attacked and destroyed the villages of the Huron-Wendat allies, the Petun Natives; in 1650, what remained of the Petun Natives migrated through Neutral Native territory prior to resettle in America; the Odawa migrated to the northwest across Manitoulin Island; the former territory likely remained unoccupied for several decades; the Five Nations established settlements along the northern shoreline of Lake Ontario at strategic locations along canoe-and-portage routes and used territory for extensive fur trade; European fur trade and exploration continued (Abler and Tooker, 1978, p.506; Flynn, 1999, p.11; Garrad, 2014, pp.501-505; Garrad and Heidenreich, 1978, p.396; Robinson, 1965, pp.15-16; Schmalz, 1991, pp.12-34; Trigger, 1994, pp.53-59; Williamson, 2013, p.60). Anishinaabeg Return (and Arrival) ca. AD 1650s to 1700 Some narratives tell of groups within the Anishinaabeg (Ojibway, Chippewa, Odawa, Mississauga and others) either returning (Gitiga Migizi and Kapyrka, 2015, p.2) or moving by military conquest (MCFN, 2017) to Southern Ontario in the 1690s; many battles fought ultimately resulting in most of the Five Nations being driven STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 6 Period Date Range Overview and Attributes out of Southern Ontario and returning to their lands south of the Great Lakes (and some remained in parts of Southern Ontario); the Odawa and Ojibway resumed regular hunting, trapping and collecting along the Beaver Valley and Georgian Bay lakeshore (Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.29; Gibson, 2006, pp.35-41; Johnston, 2004, pp.9-10; Smith, 2013, pp.16-20; Trigger, 1994, pp.57-59; Williamson, 2013, p.60). Trade, Peace and Conflict ca. AD 1700 to 1770s Great Peace negotiations of 1701 in Montreal established peace around the Great Lakes; collectively referred to the Anishinaabeg and Five Nations of Iroquois as the First Nations; European commerce and exploration resumed; the Anishinaabeg continued to trade with both the English and the French; beginnings of the Métis and their communities; skirmishes between France and Britain as well as their respective First Nations allies erupt in 1754 (“French and Indian Wars”) and forms part of the larger Seven Years’ War; French defeat transferred the territory of New France to British control; Treaty of Paris (1763); Royal Proclamation of 1763 “states explicitly that Indigenous people reserved all land not ceded by or purchased from them” (Hall, 2019a); the Proclamation established framework for how treaties were negotiated (by only the King or an assigned representative of the King, and only at a public meeting called for this specific purpose) and established the “constitutional basis for the future negotiations of Indigenous treaties in British North America” (Hall, 2019a); the Proclamation established the British administration of North American territories ceded by France to Britain; uprising by several First Nations groups against British (“Pontiac’s War”); fur trade continued until Euro-Canadian settlement (Hall, 2019a; Jaenen, 2013; Johnston, 2004, pp.13-14; Schmalz, 1991, pp.35-62, 81; Surtees, 1994, pp.92-97). Early British Administration and Early Euro- Canadian Settlement ca. AD 1770s to 1800s American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) drove large numbers of United Empire Loyalists (those who were loyal to the British Crown), military petitioners, and groups who faced persecution in the United States to resettle Upper Canada; Treaty of Paris (1783) formally recognized the independence of the United States; Province of Quebec divided in 1791 into sparsely populated Upper Canada (now Southern Ontario) and culturally French Lower Canada (now southern Quebec); Jay’s Treaty of 1795 establishes American/Canadian border along the Great Lakes; large parts of Upper Canada opened to settlement from the British Isles and continental Europe after land cession treaties were negotiated by the British Crown with various First Nations groups (Department of Indian Affairs, 1891; Government of Ontario, 2021; Hall, 2019b; Jaenen, 2014; Surtees, 1994, p.110; Sutherland, 2014). British Land Treaties ca. AD 1780s to 1800s In 1793, Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe had arrived at the entrance of Penetanguishene Bay to establish a fort; the earliest treaty in the vicinity of Georgian Bay occurred in 1798 when British government purchased the tip of the peninsula adjacent to the harbour of Penetanguishene for cloth, blankets and kettles valued at £101 of Quebec currency (Treaty 5); settlement around Fort Penetanguishene continued slowly until after the War of 1812; in 1818, British government purchased over half a million acres of land that included the majority of the County of Grey; this transaction is known as the Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Treaty, Nottawasaga Purchase, or Treaty 18 (includes the Township of Collingwood) (Department of Indian Affairs, 1891, p.xviii; Surtees, 1994, pp.103-116; Government of Ontario, 2014; Government of Ontario, 2021; Hunter, 1909, pp.12- 15; Pencen Museum, 2013). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 7 1.3.3 Euro-Canadian Settlement Period (AD 1800s to present) 1.3.3.1 Township of Collingwood The Township of Collingwood consisted of 69,500 acres and was originally named Alta (Belden & Co., 1880, p.11; Marsh, 1931, p.38). The Township of Alta was renamed Township of Collingwood after Lord Collingwood, a commanding officer who served under Admiral Lord Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar against Napoleon in 1805 (Flynn, 1999, p.13). The Township of Collingwood was the first township surveyed in Grey County and was completed by Charles Rankin in 1833 (Marsh, 1931, p.39). The first grants provided to private individuals in the Township of Collingwood were given to children of United Empire Loyalist and as pensions to retiring military personnel (Flynn, 1999, p.14). After completing the survey of the Township of Collingwood, Charles Rankin constructed a log cabin along the lakeshore (Marsh, 1931, p.41). The first settler in the Township of Collingwood was Richard McGuire. Much of the township was subjected to land speculators (Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.41). Subsequent settlers to arrive in the township were primarily Irish and Highland Scotch immigrants who settled along the St. Vincent trail fronting the Lake Huron (Georgian Bay) shoreline (Belden, 1880, p.11; Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.45). From 1846 to 1850, Old Mail Road had been established and became the principal route for settlers arriving in the Township of Collingwood (Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.45). Municipal records were limited prior to 1854, however, over the next two decades the township grew. By Confederation in 1867, the township was well established, and the area was well known for its apple orchards (Flynn, 1999, p.14; Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.52). 1.3.3.2 Town of Thornbury Clusters of settlements began to develop within the Township of Collingwood, such as Thornbury. Thornbury was originally incorporated as a township in 1833 and is believed to be named after the wild thorn berries that grew along the shoreline of Georgian Bay. Thornbury had also been surveyed by the Government for a future town. By 1855, a milling operation was established and within two years, the population had increased to 100 individuals. By 1880, between 1,110 and 1,200 inhabitants resided in the community where several general stores, five churches, a large school, four hotels, and the Northern Railway had been established. The Beaver River was noted as providing ‘the finest water privileges’ for milling enterprises. In 1887, Thornbury petitioned and achieved independence from the Township of Collingwood to become the Town of Thornbury (Belden, 1880, p.11; Thornbury Business Improvement Area, 2011). 1.3.3.3 Village of Clarksburg Clarksburg was founded after the arrival of W. A. Clark in 1859. However, the first settler in the area was W. J. Marsh, who arrived in 1856. W. A. Clark constructed a large woolen mill along Beaver Creek; this mill became one of the prominent mills in the County of Grey. John Tyson, another early settler, constructed a grist mill adjoining the woolen mill in 1861, and Henry Lyne opened a general store. This industrial and commercial area formed the beginning of the Village STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 8 of Clarksburg. By 1873, this community was described as, “a post village in Grey Co., Ont., situat ed near the mouth of Beaver River, with a station on the N[orthern] R[ailway], 16 miles from Collingwood. It contains a church, 6 stores, 2 hotels, a telegraph office, 2 woolen mills, and a saw mill. Pop.300” (Crossby, 1875, p.87; Marsh, 1931, pp.49-50; Belden, 1880, p.11). 1.3.3.4 Hamlet of Craigleith Craigleith was named by Sir Sandford Fleming and his family, meaning, ‘rocky harbour.’ Sir Sandford Fleming along with his parents, brothers and sister settled in the area in 1854. “The Flemings established a quarry and a furniture factory and donated land for the original schoolhouse along the Township’s first gravel road. The road [Highway 26] followed an ancient native trail traveled by resident Petuns, Jesuits missionaries and traders alike in the 1600s” (Knierim, 2012, p.545). A post office was established in 1857. In the late 1850s, attempts were made to extract oil from the bituminous shale deposits along the shores of Georgian Bay; the enterprise failed by 1863 (Knierim, 2012, p.545; OHT, 2021b). In 1872, Sir Sandford Fleming’s father, A. G. Fleming, sold land to the Northern Railway and by 1880, the Craigleith Train Station was constructed. In 1873, the community was described as, “a post village in Grey co., Ont., situated on Craigley Bay, at the foot of the Blue Mountain, (one of the highest mountains in Ontario, being 1,500 feet above the level of the sea,) with a station on the N.R., 6 miles from Collingwood. It has good stone quarries. Pop. 80” (Crossby, 1875, p.95). 1.3.4 Land Use History (AD 1800s to present) 1.3.4.1 Pre-1900 Land Use Several documents were reviewed to gain an understanding of the land use history and of the study area’s potential for the recovery of historic pre-1900 remains, namely J. Fleming’s 1872 Topographic Map of the Township of Collingwood and H. Belden & Co.’s 1880 Grey Supplement in the Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada (see Maps 2-3; Table 3). Table 3: Summary of Structures and Property Owners/Occupants documented in the 1872 Topographic Map and the 1880 Illustrated Atlas in the Study Area Con. Lot Part Owner/Occupant Structure(s) in the Study Area 1872 1880 1872 1880 1 15 N½ Unlisted Unlisted - - S½ Archibald McConnell - 16 All James Cornborough Unlisted - - 17 NE¼ Edward McCoy Unlisted - - NW¼ James Lawrence - S½ Peter McArthur - 18 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 19 All Robert Kirk Unlisted - - 20 All Robert Kirk Unlisted - - 21 All Charles Cameron Unlisted - - 22 All Under water - 2 15 N½ George Wonck Unlisted - - STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 9 Con. Lot Part Owner/Occupant Structure(s) in the Study Area 1872 1880 1872 1880 SE¼ Con. Hawman Unlisted - - 16 All Donald Brown Unlisted - - 17 N½ Peter Reveridge Unlisted - - N½ of S½ Donald McLeod - - S½ of S½ Unreadable - - 18 N½ Archibald Smith Unlisted - - S½ Henry Vanzant - - 19 N½ Duncan McLeod Unlisted - - S½ Charles Campbell - - 20 NE¼ A. McDougal Unlisted - - NW¼ J. Rutherford - - S½ Neil Buie - - 21 All A. G. Fleming A. Fleming Post office; Station School house 22 All Unlisted - 2 homesteads; station; old store; blacksmith shop 3 18 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 19 E½ J. Coohall Unlisted - - 20 All J. Fleming Unlisted - - 21 N½ Henry Fleming - 1 homestead N½ of S½ James Brown Unlisted - - S½ of S½ Hugh Brown 22 All Alex Cambell Unlisted - Tavern; post office; saw mill 23 E½ J. Lunan Unlisted - - W½ George Lunan - 24 E½ J. Lunan Unlisted - - W½ George Lunan - 25 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 4 21 All Toseilier Unlisted - - 22 All Wm. Brooks Unlisted - - 23 N½ Charles Cay Unlisted - - S½ J. Bellerby - 24 E½ Andrew Fleming Unlisted - - W½ Alexander Hoining - 25 NE¼ R. Douchy Unlisted - - SE¼ Andrew Fleming - W½ Unlisted - 26 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 5 24 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 25 All W.H. Weuster Unlisted - - 26 All Dr. Rees Thomas Fields - 1 homestead 6 25 Wpt M. Deligby Unlisted - - Cpt G.P. ? - Cpt R & C Mulharin? - STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 10 Con. Lot Part Owner/Occupant Structure(s) in the Study Area 1872 1880 1872 1880 Ept Unreadable - 26 Wpt Frederick Spies Unlisted - Temperance house Cpt G.P. ? - Cpt R & C Mulharin? - Ept Unreadable - 27 All Frederick Spies Unlisted - - 7 25 N½ Burton Withy Unlisted - 26 N½ Jn. Reekie George Reekie - 1 homestead S½ George Reekie Jr. - 27 E½ Peter Stock Unlisted - - NW¼ Wm. Brown - SW¼ Jn. Rendall - 28 All Jn. Rendall Unlisted - - 29 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 8 25 Ept Jn. McCallan George Patterson - - 26 N½ James Wright Unlisted - - S½ Maxwell Galbraith - 27 E½ of E½ Edward Bridges Unlisted - - 28 N½ Jn. Nealson Unlisted - School house SE¼ Wm. Bungan - 29 All B. J. Marsh Unlisted - - 30 All Jos. Freestone Unlisted - - 31 All Jos. Freestone Unlisted - - 32 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 9 29 N½ J.S. Christner Unlisted - - 30 N½ James McMaster Unlisted - - SE¼ Geo. Smithsone - 31 All Henry Dinsmore Unlisted - - 32 All Thornbury Town plot lots 33 All Thornbury Town plot lots 34 All Thornbury Town plot lots 10 29 N½ Clarksburg Village lots S½ Alex Mitchell Unlisted - - 30 E½ J. Marsh Clarksburg - Village lots W½ Clarksburg Village lots 31 E½ W.J. Marsh Clarksburg - Village lots W½ W.A. Clark - Pt Clarksburg Village lots 32 All Thornbury Town plot lots 33 All Thornbury Town plot lots 34 All Thornbury Town plot lots 35 All Robt. McGillivray Unlisted - - 36 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 11 29 N½ William Cumming Unlisted - - S½ J. Granger - 30 All D.V. Cumming D.W. Cumming - - 35 NE¼ Rd. McGuire Sr. Unlisted - - 36 All L.B. Powers Unlisted - - STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 11 Con. Lot Part Owner/Occupant Structure(s) in the Study Area 1872 1880 1872 1880 37 All Unlisted W. Lehigh - - 38 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 39 All Unlisted Unlisted - - 12 37 Ept Elr. Rogers Unlisted - - 38 N½ James McLenan Unlisted - - S½ Unlisted - 39 N½ Unreadable Unlisted - - S½ Jos. Bocke - 40 E½ Geo. Hogers Unlisted - - W½ Jn. Landry - 41 All Wm. Gould Unlisted - - The study area primarily encompassed farmland of numerous property owners, open road allowances, the Town of Thornbury, Village of Clarksburg and Hamlet of Craigleith, as well as abutting the Niagara Escarpment. No private historic structures (e.g., private homesteads) are depicted falling within 300 metres of the study area in the 1872 Topographic Map. By 1880, one church, one saw mill and a homestead were depicted within 300 metres of the study area. It should be kept in mind, however, that not all historic features would have been depicted in the map, as the Illustrated Atlas required a paid subscription from the residents in the County of Grey, many of whom did not subscribe (Benson, 1944, p.4). In addition, the study area also encompasses numerous historic transportation routes (Highway 26, which was a former Indigenous trail and later a planked roadway, roadways within the communities of Thornbury and Clarksburg and in the outlying farmlands) that were established during the survey of the Township of Collingwood. Additionally, the Northern Railway also traverses the township near the Georgian Bay shoreline. In Ontario, the 2011 S&G considers areas of early Euro-Canadian settlements (e.g., pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes, early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches, and early cemeteries), early historic transportation routes (e.g., trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), and properties that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities, or occupations, as features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential (per Section 1.3.1). Therefore, based on the proximity of both early Euro-Canadian settlements and early historic transportation routes, these features contribute to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. 1.3.4.2 Post-1900 Land Use To assist in establishing the post-1900s land use history of the study area, a detailed review of an aerial photograph from 1954 (see Map 4) and orthophotographs from 2006 and 2010 (see Maps 5-6) was undertaken. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 12 In 1954, the study area encompassed active agricultural lands, wooded areas, the northern border of the Blue Mountains section of the Niagara Escarpment, the shoreline of Georgian Bay (including Boucher Point, Lora Bay, Delphi Point and Long Point) and numerous rivers draining into Georgian Bay. Also located within the study area were numerous roadways, the Canadian National Railway (formerly Northern Railway), the 19th century communities of Thornbury, Clarksburg and Craigleith and the 20th century community of Camperdown. By 2006, large sections of the eastern portion of the study area had been subjected to residential and recreational developments associated with the Blue Mountain Ski and Resort community. Clusters of seasonal homes fronted along the Georgian Bay shoreline off of Highway 26 along the length of the study area and large swaths of land south of the highway remained as open agricultural land or covered in overgrown vegetation (trees, brush). The communities of Lora Bay, Camperdown and Craigleith also witnessed considerable growth with the development of residential subdivisions and other recreational activities such as golf courses. The study area remained relatively unchanged in 2010. 1.3.5 Present Land Use The study area encompasses a large number of areas with different land use designations. In the Town of The Blue Mountains Official Plan these areas include: agricultural, Blue Mountain village resort area core, Blue Mountain village resort area low density residential, Blue Mountain village resort area medium density residential, Blue Mountain village resort area open space, Blue Mountain village resort area resort commercial, commercial corridor, community living area, Craigleith village commercial, Craigleith village HSFPSW, Craigleith village residential, downtown area, escarpment, future secondary plan area, harbour area, hazard, institutional area, major open space, recreational commercial area, residential recreational area, recreational ski, resort commercial, special agricultural, rural, urban employment area, wetlands (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2016). 1.4 Archaeological Context To establish the archaeological context and further establish the archaeological potential of the study area, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a comprehensive review of the regional archaeological management plan, designated and listed cultural heritage resources, heritage conservation districts, commemorative markers and pioneer churches and early cemeteries in relation to the study area. Furthermore, an examination of registered archaeological sites and previous AAs within proximity to the study area limits, and a review of the physiography of the study area were performed. The results of this background research are documented below and summarized in Appendix B – Summary of Background Research. 1.4.1 Archaeological Management Plan Per Section 1.1, Standard 1 of the 2011 S&G, when available, an archaeological management plan (AMP) or other archaeological potential mapping must be reviewed. Currently, the Town of The Blue Mountains and the County of Grey do not have an AMP. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 13 1.4.2 Designated and Listed (or Non-Designated) Cultural Heritage Resources Per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G, properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, or that is a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site are considered features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. The Planning and Development Services department at the Town of The Blue Mountains was contacted via the proponent for an inventory of designated and listed heritage resources; only an inventory of designated properties was provided (Templeton, 2021a). The Ontario Heritage Act Register available through the Ontario Heritage Trust (OHT, 2021d) was also consulted for information. The study area encompasses five designated cultural heritage resources and is within 300 metres of one designated cultural heritage resource (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2011; OHT, 2021d; see Table 4-5). Therefore, this feature contributes to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. Table 4: Designated Cultural Heritage Resources within the Study Area Name of Property Municipal Address By-law # Municipal Office (former Clarksburg School) Lots 59 & 60, Part Lots 56, 57, 58 - Plan 113 (103 Hillcrest Drive) 83-38 Craigleith Community Centre (former Craigleith School House) Lot 167, Plan 529 (132 Lakeshore Road East) 84-20 Marsh House (Hoxford) Part Lots 6, 11, 12-Plan 108 (209 Marsh Street) 86-51 Clark Street Bridge (Black Bridge) Road Allowance Lot 30 & 31 Plan 529 - Clark St. 91-13 Craigleith Station Plan 529, W. Pt. Lot 175, 113 Lakeshore Road East (113 Lakeshore Road East) 2003-78 Table 5: Designated Cultural Heritage Resources within 300 metres of the Study Area Name of Property Municipal Address By-law # Mitchell Farm (Lind) Part Lot 31, Con 11 (417014 10th Line) 90-33 1.4.3 Heritage Conservation Districts Per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G, heritage resources listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act, are considered features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. The study area is not located in or within 300 metres of a Heritage Conservation District (MHSTCI, 2019). Therefore, this feature does not contribute to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. 1.4.4 Cultural Heritage Landscape The Town of The Blue Mountains commissioned a Cultural Heritage Landscape study for the municipality through its commitment to maintain and enhance agricultural, rural and tourism industries and ensuring development is designed and sited in a manner to enhance the cultural, visual and ecological qualities of the environment (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2009, p.2). Although the original purpose of this document was to assist in the planning of renewable energy facilities, it ultimately identified several candidate cultural heritage landscapes that are of special interest to the Town of Blue Mountains and any “future land use and planning decisions must STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 14 take into account the conservation of their special heritage character” (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2009, p.60). This document identified the Beaver River Valley as a candidate cultural heritage landscape since “the rich soils, milder climate and access to water power along the Beaver River led to the establishment of a productive agricultural base, milling industries and centres of commerce” along it (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2009, p.29). Craigleith, Clarksburg, Thornbury, and the Village at Blue/Craigleith Ski Community were also identified as potential cultural heritage landscapes or heritage conservation districts that “should be considered for further investigation in a town-wide inventory” (Town of The Blue Mountains, 2009, pp.55-57, 59). 1.4.5 Commemorative Plaques or Monuments Per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G, commemorative markers of Indigenous and Euro-Canadian settlements and history, which may include local, provincial, or federal monuments, cairns or plaques, or heritage parks, are considered features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. The study area encompasses four commemorative plaques (OHT, 2021a; see Table 6). Therefore, this feature contributes to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. Table 6: Commemorative Markers within the Study Area Location Plaque Title In Bayview Park, Bay Street, Thornbury Major Charles Stuart 1783-1865 In Bayview Park, Bay Street, Thornbury Charles Rankin 1797-1886 Near the site of the former oil works, at the east end of Craigleith Provincial Park, Highway 26 Craigleith Shale Oil Works 1859, The Near the site of the wreck, Craigleith Provincial Park, Highway 26 Sinking of the Mary Ward 1872, The 1.4.6 Pioneer/Historic Cemeteries Per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G, pioneer churches and early cemeteries are considered features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. One pioneer/historic cemetery and one 21st century garden of remembrance for scattering ashes are located in the study area (OGS, 2018; Town of The Blue Mountains, 2018). 1.4.6.1 Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery The Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery is located at municipal address 111 Russell Street West. It came into existence during a meeting in the Beaver Valley Hotel in Clarksburg on July 29, 1869. At this meeting, Henry Lyne, Walter Hunter, Alex Mitchell, W. J. Marsh, Hugh Wallace, Marcus Burritt, John Young, John McCausland, Andrew Shore and Robert Hamilton formed the Thornbury and Clarksburg Union Cemetery Company. A deed for 10 acres was received from W. J. Marsh in February of 1871. However, the original deed encompassed land that included 20 acres from Thomas Hicks. The land that forms the present-day cemetery is sandy and was unsuitable for agriculture, and since Thomas Hicks was an elderly man by this time, he offered STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 15 the 20-acre parcel to the Thornbury and Clarksburg Union Cemetery Company. By 1862, the 20- acre parcel was purchased by W. J. Marsh, but tax records from 1864 shows Thomas Hicks still owned 14 acres. Thomas Hicks died in 1864; his widow was only enumerated with 10 acres in 1865. Over the following years, the cemetery slowly enlarged. In 1874, a 1/3-acre parcel was received from Edmund Burritt and four acres from Henry Lyne in 1896. After this time, the Thornbury and Clarksburg Union Cemetery Company was unable to purchase more land for burial purposes (OGS, 2010; Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, pp.254-255). Once the property was purchased, the Thornbury and Clarksburg Union Cemetery Company quickly improved the land and made it presentable for burials after it was surveyed, and burial plots were established. In 1875, large shade trees were purchased and planted along the main driveway between the west and east blocks. However, “the cemetery board had little sympathy for families that defaulted on payments of burial plots” (Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, p.255). They required the plot to be paid in its entirety before the time of death, and by 1890, if parties were in arrears they needed to pay by the 1st of May or risk being removed to the Potter’s Field and the lots would be resold. By the 1900s, the cemetery board removed the bodies placed in the Potter’s Field and relocated them back into the cemetery grounds. The ground for the mortuary vault and chapel were reserved by the cemetery board in 1886 and the chapel was completed in 1934 (OGS, 2010; Council of the Township of Collingwood, 1979, pp.254-255). In 1969, a new area in the northern part of the cemetery grounds, southeast of Victoria Street was surveyed and burials plots were made available. This new area encompasses the ‘New East North’ plan and ‘New East’ plan (see Supplementary Document – Section 2.0). The part of the cemetery known as ‘New Survey’ was likely opened after 1969 and has only see n several burials along the western limits. The proximity of this 19th century cemetery contributes to establishing archaeological potential of the study area. Further discussion of the Thornbury and Clarksburg Union Cemetery can be found in Section 3.1.6. 1.4.6.2 St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance In 1858, William Jabez Marsh obtained 500 acres of land adjacent to Thornbury and donated 2.5 acres for a church and rectory. “The first church, a frame building erected in 1863 and named St. George, was located in the newly established Village of Clarksburg immediately adjacent to the border with Thornbury” (St. George’s, The Anglican Parish of The Blue Mountains, 2021). In 1899, the frame church was replaced with the present brick structure. The brick rectory next to the church was constructed in 1867. Beginning in 2000, a Garden of Remembrance was installed and dedicated in 2001. This garden, located on consecrated ground, with perpetual care is present on the site of the church to scatter one’s ashes (St. George’s, The Anglican Parish of The Blue Mountains, 2021). The church and garden are located at 166 Russell Street East. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 16 Although the proximity of the scattering ground proper does not contribute to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area given its recent date of establishment, the garden is nevertheless located within the historic limits of the Village of Clarksburg on a 19th century church property. Therefore, elevated archaeological potential can still be established. Further discussion of St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance can be found in Section 3.1.6. 1.4.7 Registered Archaeological Sites Per Section 1.1, Standard 1 and Section 7.5.8, Standard 1 of the 2011 S&G, the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MHSTCI was consulted in order to provide a summary of registered or known archaeological sites within a minimum one-kilometre distance of the study area limits. According to the OASD there are 30 archaeological sites within a one-kilometre radius of the study area (MHSTCI, 2021a; see Table 7). Of these, 13 registered archaeological sites are located in the study area, one is located within 50 metres and four are located within a 300-metre radius of the study area. Table 7: Registered Archaeological Sites within One Kilometre of the Study Area Borden # Name Cultural Affiliation Type Registered archaeological sites within the study area BdHb-1 Plater-Martin Post-Contact (Petun, Euro-Canadian) Village BdHb-2 Plater-Fleming Post-Contact (Huron-Wendat; Petun) House; village BdHb-3 Goodchild Post-Contact (Odawa, Petun) Burial BdHb-6 P1 Middle Woodland (Indigenous); Post- Contact (Euro-Canadian) Camp/campsite BdHb-7 P2 Middle Woodland; Post-Contact (Indigenous: Odawa) Camp/campsite; scatter; spiritual/ceremonial BdHb-8 P3/P4/P5/P6/P7/P8 Middle Woodland; Late Woodland; Post-Contact (Blackduck, Odawa) Camp/campsite BdHb-9 Holden - - BdHc-14 Indian Brook Late Woodland Unknown BdHc-15 Craigleith Shale Oil Works Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian) Manufacturing BdHc-23 Mill Pond Post-Contact - BdHc-26 Camperdown I Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian) Homestead BdHc-27 Camperdown II Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian) Homestead; cabin; farmstead BdHc-28 Thornbury Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian) Scatter Registered archaeological sites within a 50m radius of the study area BdHc-5 MacDairmid - - Registered archaeological sites within a 300m radius of the study area BdHb-4 Gary Reid Other Other: camp/campsite BdHc-4 Almond Late Woodland Unknown BdHc-6 Ferguson - - BdHc-7 O’Neill Pre-Contact Other: camp/campsite Registered archaeological sites within one-kilometre radius of the study area BcHb-27 Haney Cook Post-Contact (Algonkian, Petun, Euro- Canadian) Village BcHb-34 Currie, John S. Other Other: unknown STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 17 Borden # Name Cultural Affiliation Type BcHb-35 Ekarenniondi Late Woodland (Indigenous: Algonkian, Petun) Other: rock art BcHb-52 Kells Post-Contact (Euro-Canadian) Homestead BdHc-1 Field-Ardiel Pre-Contact (Indigenous) Other: camp/campsite BdHc-2 Fulford Late Woodland Other: camp/campsite BdHc-3 Goff-Idle BdHc-17 Goldsmith Site Late Woodland - BdHc-19 Wesley Reid - - BdHc-20 Camplin 1 Pre-Contact Unknown BdHc-21 Blue Mountain Middle Woodland Other: camp/campsite BdHd-13 - - - “-” denotes detail not provided in OASD Per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G, previously registered archaeological sites in close proximity are considered to be features or characteristics that indicate archaeological potential. Therefore, given the presence of several registered archaeological sites in and within 300 metres of th e study area, this feature contributes to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. A map detailing the exact location of all sites located in and within 50 metres of the study area is presented within Map S1 of the attached Supplementary Document. In addition, the registered archaeological site of Mary Ward (BdHc-16) is associated with the shipwreck of the Mary Ward located about two kilometres off the coast of Craigleith Provincial Park. A plaque in the park commemorating the site reads: “On the night of November 24, 1872, the steamer "Mary Ward" ran aground on Milligan's Reef, two kilometers offshore. Recently purchased by five Owen Sound men, the vessel was making the trip from Sarnia to her new home port of Collingwood with twenty-seven aboard, including a Canadian Pacific Railway survey party when the accident occurred. The first lifeboat safely reached shore, then a fierce gale sprang up, delaying rescue operations. After a perilous journey the second lifeboat succeeded in landing but the third capsized and all eight aboard drowned. A group of local fishermen, led by Frank Moberly and Captain George Collins, later rescued those remaining on the wreck, and they were subsequently recognized by the Canadian government for their heroic actions” (OHT, 2021 c). Although the site is located greater than one kilometre from the study area, it nevertheless demonstrates the potential for the shores of Georgian Bay to yield marine archaeological resources. 1.4.8 Previous Archaeological Assessments Per Section 1.1, Standard 1 and Section 7.5.8, Standards 4-5 of the 2011 S&G, to further establish the archaeological context of the study area, a review of previous AAs carried out within the limits of, or immediately adjacent (i.e., within 50 metres) to the study area (as documented by all available reports) was undertaken. Seventy-five (75) reports were identified (see Table 8): STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 18 Table 8: Previous Archaeological Assessments in the Study Area Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date Plater-Martin (BdHb-1) Unknown A copy of the report noted in the site Borden form was requested from the MHSTCI. No report was provided by report completion. Templeton, 2021b Goodchild (BdHb-3) Unknown A copy of this report was requested from the MHSTCI. Per feedback from the Archaeological Data Coordinator, the MHSTCI does not have copies of the newspaper articles or published material noted in the site Borden form. No report/article/material for this site could be found. Templeton, 2021b Indian Brook (BdHc-14) Unknown A copy of this report was requested from the MHSTCI. Per feedback from the Archaeological Data Coordinator, the MHSTCI does not have copies of the newspaper articles or published material noted in the site Borden form. No report/article/material for this site could be found. Templeton, 2021b Craigleith Shale Oil Works (BdHc-15) Unknown A copy of this report was requested from the MHSTCI. Per feedback from the Archaeological Data Coordinator, the MHSTCI does not have copies of the newspaper articles or published material noted in the site Borden form. No report/article/material for this site could be found. Templeton, 2021b Southeast of the intersection of Camperdown Road and Highway 26 (6.61 hectares) 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Archaeological Assessments Ltd., 2009a Southeast of the intersection of Camperdown Road and Highway 26 (6.61 hectares) 2 AA Stage 2 AA identified two archaeological resources, both identified as 19th century Euro- Canadian homesteads: Camperdown I site (BdHc- 26) and Camperdown II site (BdHc-27). Stage 3 AA recommended for both sites. Archaeological Assessments Ltd., 2012 Southeast of the intersection of Camperdown Road and Highway 26 (6.61 hectares) 1-2 AA Only the Camperdown II site (BdHc-27) was relocated; Stage 3 AA recommended. The Camperdown I site (BdHc-26) was not relocated despite return visits to the property. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2020e Camperdown II site (BdHc-27) 3 AA A report documenting the Stage 3 results is not yet in the public register and therefore is not available to review. Templeton, 2021c Camperdown II site (BdHc-27) 4 Mitigation A report documenting the Stage 4 results is not yet in the public register and therefore is not available to review. Templeton, 2021c Along Highway 26 and Beaver River 1-2 AA Stage 3 recommended for Mill Pond site (BdHc- 23). Archaeological Assessment Ltd., 2009b STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 19 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date North side of Highway 26, east of Blue Mountain Drive and west of Long Point Road 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Archaeological Assessments Ltd., 2008 788090 Grey Road 13, large section of private property currently used for agriculture, and existing road allowances for Grey Roads 2, 13 and 40 and 30th Sideroad 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. AECOM, 2016 136 Lakeshore Road, in part of Lot 20, Concession 2 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2006 At the northwest corner of County Road 19 and Osler Bluff Road 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2008a South of Lakeshore Road and the Georgian Trail (1.31 hectares) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2008b Park Lot 4 s/w Napier Street, in part of Lot 32, Concession 10 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2009 Part of Lots 22, 23 and 24, Concession 3, northeast corner of Sleepy Hollow Road and Arrowhead Road 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2010 796338 Grey Road 19 (Emergency Medical Station and Expansion) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2011 Part of Lots 26 & 27, Concession 7 (4.956 hectares) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2012 1,400 metres to the northwest of the intersection of Osler Bluff Road and Mountain Road/Grey County Road 19 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2013 144 Sleepy Hollow Road 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2014a On the east side of 7th Line, south of Grey Road 40 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2014b STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 20 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date Northwest corner of Alfred Street and Victoria Street 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2014c Southwest of Sleepy Hollow Road and Salzbury Place (3.75 hectares) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2015a South of Lakeshore Road, within part of Lots 20 and 21, Concession 2 1-2 AA Plater-Martin (BdHb-1), a contact period Petun village site, was relocated. The site will be zoned an archaeological protection zone, including a 20- metre buffer, and will be restricted from any landscape alterations until Stage 3 AA and 4 Mitigation have been conducted. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2015b Grey Road 40, in part of Lots 27 & 28, Concession 7 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Areas of existing asphalt road and disturbed gravel Georgian Trail are exempt from any requirement for further investigation as they can not be assessed using conventional methodologies. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2015c Encompassing the intersection and adjacent lands at Highway 26, Grey Road 2 and Clark Street 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Areas of existing asphalt road, asphalt parking lot, gravel parking lots, existing structures, earth mounds, disturbed gravel shoulder, low-lying and wet areas and area of steep slope are exempt from any requirement for further investigation. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2015d Part of Lots 35 to 38, Concession 11, situated around Landry Lane (14.3 hectares) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2015e Lot 21, Concession 2: 800 metres to the southeast of the intersection of Highway 26 and Grey County Road 19 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2016 Part of Lot 24, Concession 4 (17.5 hectares) 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. An existing gravel lane leading into the property, four structures, and areas of steep slope are recommended to be exempt from assessment. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2017 204 Lakeshore Road East 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2018a 120 metres to the south of the intersection of Long Point Road and Brophy’s Lane (2.27 hectares) 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2018b Northwest of Landry Lane, in part of Lot 39, Concession 12 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2018c STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 21 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date East side of Lansdowne Street North, north of Huron Street 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2018d 10 Louisa Street West 1 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2019a East of Maryward Crescent 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2019b 171 King Street East 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2020a Part of Lot 25, Concession 4, east of Hidden Lake Road and south side of Highway 26 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2020b 61 Alfred Street West 1-2 AA One archaeological site, the Thornbury Site (BdHc- 28) was found. Stage 3 AA recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2020c Thornbury Site (BdHc- 28) 3 AA No further work recommended. LEC, 2019 At the southwest corner of Elgin Street North and McAuley Street North 2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2020d 150 and 160 King Street East 1-2 AA No further work recommended. AMICK Consultants Limited, 2021 Lands along 9.8 kilometres of Highway 26 between the communities of Thornbury and Meaford 1-2 AA One site was located near Meaford (in St. Vincent Township), none in the Town of The Blue Mountains. Stage 3 AA recommended. ARA, 2005 Along part of Clark Street, Grey Road 2, Grey Road 40, Indian Brook, south to the Town of The Blue Mountains Solid Waste Disposal Site 1-2 AA No further work recommended. ARA, 2018 Part of Lot 20, Concession 2, east of County Road 19 and north of Helen Street: 55 hectares 1-2 AA No further work recommended; the Plater-Martin site (BdHb-1) is to be avoided and protected per a proposed Memorandum of Understanding between the proponent and the Town of The Blue Mountains. The protection zone is further buffered by open space ravine lands; to minimize the risk of impacting any ossuary or burial area ASI, 2016a STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 22 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date associated with the Plater-Martin site within the subject property, a licensed archaeologist must be present to monitor all preliminary grading and soil removal within those portions of the subject property that are to be developed. Between Grey Road 19 and Lakeshore Road East in part of Lot 21, Concession 2 1-2 AA (equivalent) The Plater-Fleming site (BdHb-2) was relocated. Further excavation recommended. Museum of Ontario Archaeology, 1988 Between Grey Road 19 and Lakeshore Road East in part of Lot 21, Concession 2: 25.2 hectares 1-2 AA The Plater-Fleming site (BdHb-2), as defined on the basis of this and previous assessments should be avoided and protected, further activities neither desired nor necessary; protection and avoidance strategies with appropriate engagement with Saugeen Ojibway Nation, the Huron-Wendat Nation and the Wyandotte of Kansas; should modification to the Plater-Fleming site protection zone be modified, Stage 3 AA is required; given the destruction of the former Craigleith House component of the BdHd-2 site, no further AA required. Stage 3, with consultation with the Saugeen Ojibway Nation and the Huron- Wendat Nation, is recommended for P1 (BdHb-6), P2 (BdHb-7) and P6 (BdHb-8); protective buffers are recommended around each site and must remain in place until the Stage 3 AA is complete. A licensed archaeologist is required to monitor all predevelopment topsoil removal outside the protected blocks around each site. ASI, 2016b P1 (BdHb-6) 3 AA Stage 4 recommended. Bluestone Research Inc., 2017a P1 (BdHb-6) 4 Mitigation No further work recommended. Bluestone Research Inc., 2018a P2 (BdHb-7) 3 AA Stage 4 recommendation; a ritual puppy sacrificial burial is recommended for long term protection and avoidance. Bluestone Research Inc., 2020 P2 (BdHb-7) 4 Mitigation No further work recommended; a portion of the P2 (BdHb-7) is mitigated through avoidance and long-term protection. It is registered as a legal easement. Bluestone Research Inc., 2018b P6 (BdHb-8) 3 AA Stage 4 mitigation recommended; the entirety of the P6 (BdHb-7) site will be retained by the proponent and mitigated through avoidance and long-term protection. The site area is rezoned by the Municipality of Grey County as Open Space. Bluestone Research Inc., 2019 Along County Road 19 between Grey Road 19 and 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Deep and extensive land disturbance and previously assessed areas do not require further archaeological assessment. ASI, 2021 STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 23 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date Mountain Drive/Grey Road 19 roundabout Intersection of Grey Road 19/Grey Road 21 and Grey Road 19/Mountain Road 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Archeoworks Inc., 2016 Southwest corner of Clark Street and Grey Road 2 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Archeoworks Inc., 2017 Encompassing the community of Thornbury; bounded by Russell Street, Georgian Bay, Albert Street and Beaver River 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Further cemetery investigations (MTR) are recommended adjacent to the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery. Archeoworks Inc., 2020 208 Lakeshore Drive 1-2 AA No further work recommended. Bluestone Research Inc., 2017b Additional parcels at 208 Lakeshore Drive 1-2 AA No further work recommended. LEC, 2018 169 Lakeshore Road 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Bluestone Research Inc., 2017c 169 Lakeshore Road 2 AA No further work recommended. Bluestone Research Inc., 2017d Part of east half of Lot 17, Concession 1 1-2 AA No further work recommended. Holden (BdHb-9) site has no further cultural heritage value or interest and does not require further archaeological investigation. *Note that record of the Holden (BdHb-9) site could not be found in the OASD EAS, 2019 Part of Lots 59, 110, 111 and 112, and part of lots 86, 87, 88, 89, 113 and 114, Part of Block D, Registered Plan 529; north side of Highway 26, west of Grey Road 21 and east of Blue Mountain Drive 1-2 AA No further work recommended on western parcel. The eastern parcel requires Stage 2 AA. EAS, 2021 The Thornbury Waste Water Treatment Plant 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. No further archaeological assessment of areas identified as disturbed (exhibiting slope (greater than 20%) or previous construction or grading activities) is required. Golder Associates Ltd., 2017 Part of the Town of The Blue Mountains 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Golder Associates Ltd., 2018 Craigleith Provincial Park 1 AA Future development not to be undertaken in Craigleith Provincial Park “as there is so much going on in this small area.” Horizon Archaeology, 2007 STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 24 Property Stage of Work Recommendations Company, Report Date Craigleith Provincial Park Picnic Shelter 2 AA No further work recommended. *Note that the mapping provided within the report was not detailed enough to accurately plot this assessment within our current study area. Horizon Archaeology Inc., 2010 Pavement rehabilitation of Highway 26 from Grey Street North to Osler Bull Road, and 12 culverts 1-2 AA No further work recommended. New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2016 South side of Highway 26, east side of Grey County Road 19, east of Craigleith Road 1-3 AA Stage 2 AA required on land not previously assessed; Stage 3 of Plater-Fleming site (BdHd-2) is required; Brasure Log Cabin and Craigleith House requires Stage 3 AA. This Land Archaeology Inc., 2014 Block 46, Registered Plan 16M-20; east side of Camperdown Road, south side of Dorothy Road 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. This Land Archaeology Inc., 2017a Block 46, Registered Plan 16M-20; east side of Camperdown Road, south side of Dorothy Road 2 AA No further work recommended. This Land Archaeology Inc., 2017b North side of Grey County Road 19, west of Osler Bluff Road, and east of Grey County Road 19 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Ltd., 2008 North side of Highway 26, west side of Delphi Lane 1-2 AA No further work recommended. Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Ltd., 2010 South side of Huron Street East, west of Elgin Street North 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. Areas of modern development and disturbance free of archaeological concern and not recommended for Stage 2 survey. Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Ltd., 2013 Southeast side of Peel Street North, east of High Bluff Lane 1-2 AA No further work recommended. Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Ltd., 2019 South side of Woodland Park Road, north of David McNichol Parkway 1 AA Stage 2 AA recommended. No further archaeological assessments are recommended for areas of extensive land disturbance, steeply sloped terrain, and water saturated/poorly drained sediments. WSP Canada Inc., 2017 STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 25 1.4.9 Physical Features 1.4.9.1 Physiographic Regions The study area is located within two physiographic regions of Southern Ontario: Beaver Valley from west of Camperdown and Simcoe Lowlands from east of Camperdown. The Beaver Valley physiographic region is a small but well-defined region occupying a sharply cut indentation in the Niagara cuesta, opening upon Georgian Bay. At its widest point, the Beaver Valley is six and a half miles (or 10.5 kilometres) across. The upper rim of the valley is the edge of the Amabel Formation which appears as an almost vertical cliff, and below is the Manitoulin Formation which appears as a flat shelf. The wider, northern part of the Beaver Valley contains several tributary streams and one fair-sized stream, the Indian Brook, which have cut juvenile valleys into the shale below. The Beaver Valley exhibits considerable complexity of landforms including lake plains, beaches, moraines, steep valley sides, and vertical cliffs. The soils of the lake plains around Thornbury and Clarksburg resemble those in the broader area of the Algonquin plain in the southern part of Simcoe County. The boulders on the old wave-cut terraces have prevented cultivation of those soils and they are pastured or are covered with cedar thickets while rose briars and dogwood are present on stony pastures. The driest sand west of Thornbury produces heavy crops of apples when well fertilized. Mixed farming occurs on the slopes with emphasis on beef cattle (Chapman & Putnam, 1984, pp.122-124). The eastern part of the study area is located in the Nottawasaga Basin of the Simcoe Lowlands physiographic region. This basin was flooded by glacial Lake Algonquin and is bordered by shore cliffs, beaches, and bouldery terraces, floored by sand, silt and clay. Named for the Nottawasaga River that drains it, this basin is characterized by the broad flats bordering the river. The Nottawasaga Basin exhibits contrasts in agricultural patterns that correlate with physiographic differences found within both the sand and clay plains of the Simcoe Lowlands. Farming and livestock raising is located with Nottawasaga Basin, but much of the population of the area is attributed to Camp Borden and seasonal summer recreational areas, such as Wasaga Beach. (Chapman & Putnam, 1984, pp.177-182). 1.4.9.2 Soil Types and Topography Several native soil types are found within the study area (see Map 7). A description of their characteristics may be found in Table 9 (Ontario Agricultural College, 1981). Table 9: Study Area Soil Types Soil Series, Surface Texture Great Group Soil Materials Drainage Topography & Surface Stoniness Bottom Land, variable Alluvial Various soil materials Poor Variable Breypen, variable Variable Shallow soils over bedrock Variable Nearly level with numerous rock outcrops; very stony Brighton, sand Grey Brown Podzolic Well sorted sandy outwash Good Gently sloping; essentially stone-free STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 26 Soil Series, Surface Texture Great Group Soil Materials Drainage Topography & Surface Stoniness Brighton, sandy loam over gravel Grey-Brown Podzolic Well sorted sandy outwash Good Gently sloping; essentially stone-free Brookston, clay loam Dark Grey Gleisolic Fine-textured derived from limestone till Poor Smooth, very gently sloping; slightly stony Dunedin, clay Grey Brown Podzolic Fine-textured derived from red shale Good Smooth, moderately sloping to irregular steeply sloping; slightly stony Granby, sand Dark Grey Gleisolic Well sorted sandy outwash Poor Smooth, very gently sloping; essentially stone-free Kemble, silty clay Brown Forest, Grey Brown Podzolic Intergrade Fine-textured derived from limestone till Imperfect Smooth, very gently sloping to smooth, gently sloping; slightly stony Listowel, silt loam Grey Brown Podzolic Medium-textured derived from dolomitic limestone till Imperfect Smooth, gently sloping; slightly stony Morley, clay Dark Grey Gleisolic Fine-textured derived from red shale Poor Smooth, very gently sloping; slightly stony to very stony Tecumseth, sand Grey Brown Podzolic Well sorted sandy outwash Imperfect Very gently sloping; essentially stone-free Vincent, silty clay loam Brown Forest Fine-textured limestone till Good Smooth, gently sloping to smooth, steeply sloping.; Slightly stony Vincent, silty clay loam eroded Grey Brown Podzolic Fine-textured limestone till Good Smooth, gently sloping to smooth, steeply sloping.; Slightly stony Waterloo, sandy loam Grey Brown Podzolic Poorly sorted outwash Good Irregular moderately sloping to irregularly steeply sloping; essentially stone-free to slightly stony Wiarton, loam Brown Forest Medium-textured derived from dolomitic limestone till Imperfect Smooth, gently sloping; moderately stony The topography within the study area is gently rolling, with a significant increase in elevation along the Niagara Escarpment, which travels along the southern part of the study area, and a decrease moving northward to the Georgian Bay shoreline. The elevation range measures between 177 to 275 metres above sea level. 1.4.9.3 Water Sources Hydrological features such as primary water sources (e.g., lakes, rivers, creeks, streams) and secondary water sources (e.g., intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps) would have helped supply plant and food resources to the surrounding area and are indicators of archaeological potential (per Section 1.3.1 of the 2011 S&G). Georgian Bay, Beaver River, Little Beaver Creek, Indian Brook, Townline Creek, Silver Creek, various tributaries and wetlands are located in and within 300 metres of the study area. The larger watercourses crossing the study STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 27 area are known spawning ground for Rainbow Trout, Chinook Salmon and Brown Trout, among other species (Blue Mountain Watershed Trust, 2018a-d). Therefore, this feature contributes to establishing the archaeological potential of the study area. Numerous glacial shore cliffs (or shorecliffs) and boulder pavements are also present within the study area and are parallel to the Georgian Bay shoreline. After the final retreat of the North American Laurentide ice sheet approximately 15,000 years ago (ca. 13,000 BC), glacial meltwater expanded against the retreating ice boundary flooding Lake Huron and Georgian Bay and the Simcoe lowlands. Eventually the glacial flood waters merged forming glacial Lake Algonquin covering, “parts or all of Lake Huron, Lake Superior, and Erie basins, which included Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching” (Karrow and Warner, 1990, p.15; Firm, 2002, p.xi). The shore cliff was created between the Lake Simcoe basin and Lake Huron basin, and was formed during the glacial Lake Algonquin phase. The boulder pavements were formed after the glacial retreat and are defined as "a boulder-strewn surface on a wave-cut or stream-cut terrace" (Chapman & Putnam, 1984, p.235). Along this shoreline and the beaches of Lake Algonquin, there is definitive evidence of human occupations corresponding to the Late Paleo-Indian Period of Southern Ontario (Storck, 1982, p.9; Karrow and Warner, 1990, pp.15-22; Stewart, 2013, p.28). 1.4.10 Current Land Conditions The study area is situated primarily along the Georgian Bay shoreline to Highway 26 and the Blue Mountains, in the Town of The Blue Mountains. The study area encompasses numerous commercial, residential (including recreational and season al homes), and industrial structures, and major and minor arterial roadways, as well as open agricultural lands and areas of overgrown vegetation. 1.4.11 Dates of Desktop and Field Reviews A desktop review of field conditions using an aerial photograph, and past and current orthophotographs was undertaken on June 16th, 2021. A field review (“property inspection”) was carried out on June 22nd and 23rd, 2021. Details of the property inspection are presented in Section 2.0. 1.5 Confirmation of Archaeological Potential Based on the information gathered from the background research documented in the preceding sections, elevated archaeological potential has been established within the study area limits. Features contributing to archaeological potential are summarized in Appendix B. Further assessment of conditions within the study area will be addressed in Section 3.0. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 28 2.0 PROPERTY INSPECTION 2.1 Property Inspection Methods A property inspection for the study area was carried out by Lee Templeton (MHSTCI licence R454) on June 22nd and 23rd, 2021, and conducted in compliance with the standards set forth in Section 1.2 of the 2011 S&G. In accordance with Section 1.2, Standard 2 of the 2011 S&G, the weather and lighting conditions (10-20°C; sunny & clear) during the Stage 1 property inspection permitted good visibility of land features and were conducive to the identification of features of archaeological potential. The property inspection consisted of a visit to the study area to gain first-hand knowledge of its geography, topography, current condition, and to evaluate and map archaeological potential. It involved a visual inspection only and did not include excavation or collection of archaeological resources. Given the large size of the study area and the limitations of this preliminary assessment, it was not practical to conduct a comprehensive review of all areas in great detail. The property inspection involved a vehicle and limited walking tour of all major roads and a selection of back roads and residential streets, as well publicly accessible lands such as parks. Photographic documentation was conducted for accessible features that defined the overall character of the study area, illustrating the natural landscape and its evolving land use making way for modern development, as well as features indicating archaeological potential. A more detailed field review was undertaken for the two cemeteries located within the study area, as recommended by the MHSTCI (see Section 3.1.6 and attached Supplementary Document for further details). The property inspection for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery was carried out by walking around the entire known perimeter of the cemetery plus a 20-metre buffer, assessing the land systematically every five metres, with attention paid to the placement of headstones/footstones, the dates on the headstones/footstones, topography and current land conditions. The property inspection for St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance was carried out by walking around the known perimeter of the scattering garden and adjacent lands within a 20-metre buffer. Although the overall property inspection was not comprehensive and cannot be considered thorough enough to eliminate areas from further archaeological assessment, it nevertheless provides an illustrative overview of the study area. In contrast, the property inspections for the two cemeteries within the study area were more intensive to provide a greater level of detail for recommending further assessment strategies. 2.2 Property Inspection Results The results of the overall property inspection are detailed within Sections 3.1.2 to 3.1.5 and illustrated in Maps 8-16. A representative selection of photographs taken during the property STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 29 inspection are presented within Appendix C, and location and orientation information is provided within Maps 19-25. The results of the cemetery property inspections are detailed within Section 3.1.6 and illustrated within Maps 17-18. A representative selection of photographs taken during the cemetery property inspections are presented within Appendix C, and location and orientation information is provided within Maps 26-27. These results, including the representative selection of photographs taken in the field, are also presented in the attached Supplementary Document as part of a Request for Technical Advice sent to the MHSTCI. An inventory of the documentary record generated in the field can be found within Appendix D. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 30 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS In combination with data gathered from the background research (see Sections 1.3 and 1.4), a review of an aerial photograph (courtesy of the University of Toronto Map and Data Library) and orthophotographs (courtesy of VuMAP © First Base Solutions), and the property inspection (see Section 2.0), an evaluation of the established archaeological potential of the study area was performed. The results of this evaluation are presented in Maps 8-18. 3.1 Analysis Many of the features of archaeological potential identified in Sections 1.3 and 1.4 have a corresponding buffer that extends the archaeological potential zone beyond the feature itself. As outlined in Section 1.4.1 of the 2011 S&G, these commonly accepted buffers are: • 300 metres: previously identified archaeological sites, water sources, areas of early Euro- Canadian settlement, locations identified through local knowledge or informants • 100 metres: early historic transportation route • No buffer: elevated topography, pockets of well-drained sandy soil, distinctive land formations, resource areas, locations listed or designated by a municipality, or that is a historic landmark These buffers have been applied as appropriate and have resulted in the identification of areas of elevated and uncertain archaeological potential (see Section 3.1.4 for further details). 3.1.1 Previous Archaeological Assessments and Previously Registered Archaeological Sites Background research revealed that a number of parcels of land within the overall study area have been subjected to a previous archaeological assessment. Some of these previous assessments have only been limited to a Stage 1 background study (and optional property inspection), as is the case for this report. Properties for which such a preliminary assessment was carried out are not further discussed if they recommend further stages of archaeological fieldwork without definitively eliminating any areas of further archaeological assessment. Properties for which a Stage 1 background study, Stage 2 property assessment, Stage 3 site-specific assessment, and/or Stage 4 mitigation of development impacts were carried out that could definitively eliminate areas of further archaeological assessment or for which an archaeological site was discovered requiring further work are outlined below. 3.1.1.1 No Further Archaeological Assessment Required Lands and registered archaeological sites encompassed within the study area which have already been subjected to an archaeological assessment (Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 and/or Stage 4) and cleared of further archaeological concerns (see Section 1.4.8, Table 8), are recommended to be exempt from further assessment (see Maps 9-16). No additional archaeological assessment is required. This includes registered archaeological sites P1 (BdHb-6), Holden (BdHb-9) and STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 31 Thornbury (BdHc-28) which have been deemed free of further cultural heritage value or interest (CHVI) and also do not require additional archaeological assessment. 3.1.1.2 Further Archaeological Assessment Required and/or Pending MHSTCI Approval Seven of the thirteen registered archaeological sites located in the study area retain further cultural heritage value and interest and have outstanding requirements for archaeological excavation or long-term avoidance and protection (see Maps 10, 12, 14 and Map S1 of the attached Supplementary Document). These sites must be subjected to the appropriate archaeological fieldwork as detailed in the recommendations for each respective site report that has been submitted and accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports. These sites are outlined below. For a more detailed account of each site, please refer to each associated site report. Plater-Martin (BdHb-1) site is to be subjected to an avoidance and protection strategy. If land alterations are planned within the protection zone, the site will require additional archaeological assessment. Archaeological monitoring is required for all predevelopment topsoil removal (grading) around the protection zone (AMICK Consultants Ltd., 2015b; ASI, 2016a). Plater-Fleming (BdHb-2) site is to be subjected to an avoidance and protection strategy. If land alterations are planned within the protection zone, the site will require additional archaeological assessment. Archaeological monitoring is required for all predevelopment topsoil removal (grading) around the protection zone (ASI, 2016b; Museum of Ontario Archaeology, 1988; This Land Archaeology Inc., 2014). The portion of the P2 (BdHb-7) site that contains the dog burial is to be subjected to an avoidance and protection strategy (Bluestone Research Inc., 2018b; Bluestone Research Inc., 2020). P6 (BdHb-8) site is to be subjected to an avoidance and protection strategy (Bluestone Research Inc., 2019). Mill Pond (BdHc-23) site requires a Stage 3 AA (Archaeological Assessments Ltd., 2009b). Camperdown I (BdHc-26) site requires relocation and a Stage 3 AA (Archaeological Assessments Ltd., 2012; AMICK Consultants Ltd., 2020e). Camperdown II (BdHc-27) site has already been subjected to a Stage 3 AA and Stage 4 excavation, however the associated reports are not yet available in the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports for review (Templeton, 2021c). Furthermore, the cultural heritage value and interest of three of the thirteen registered archaeological sites located in the study area remains unclear. These sites include: Indian Brook (BdHc-14), Craigleith Shale Oil Works (BdHc-15) and Goodchild (BdHb-3), [CL2]all previously recorded in the 1960s and 1970s. Prior to any intrusive activity within lands encompassing these sites, a copy of the appropriate reports documenting these sites must be reviewed to determine STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 32 the exact location of the previous assessment and if there are further archaeological concerns associated with each site. The above is likewise required for the one site located within 50 metres of the study area for which the CHVI also remains unclear; this site, MacDairmid (BdHc-5), was too first registered in the 1960s. 3.1.2 Identified Deep and Extensive Disturbances The study area was then evaluated for deep and extensive land alterations – commonly referred to as disturbances – that have severely impacted the integrity of any archaeological resources. Per Section 1.3.2 of the 2011 S&G, these include, but are not limited to: quarrying, major landscaping involving grading below topsoil, building footprints, or sewage and infrastructure development. Obvious visual disturbances include, but are not limited to, the various roadways and the former railway corridor within the study area (see Maps 9-16). The construction of these features would likely have resulted in severe damage to the integrity of any archaeological resources which may have been present within their footprint. However, given that the Stage 1 property inspection was not sufficiently exhaustive to completely eliminate specific areas of previous disturbance from further AA, on-site confirmation and documentation of the actual condition and exact extent of the disturbances will be required during a detailed property inspection during a Stage 2 AA, in accordance with Section 2.1.8 of the 2011 S&G. 3.1.3 Physical Features of No or Low Archaeological Potential The study area was also evaluated for physical features of no or low archaeological potential. These usually include but are not limited to: permanently wet areas, exposed bedrock, and steep slopes (greater than 20o) except in locations likely to contain pictographs or petroglyphs, as per Section 2.1, Standard 2.a of the 2011 S&G. Physical features of low or no archaeological potential include the Little Beaver Creek, Beaver River, Indian Brook, Townline Creek, Silver Creek, the numerous other tributaries draining into Georgian Bay, as well as various ponds and other wetlands (see Maps 9-16). Although exhibiting low to no archaeological potential, given that the Stage 1 property inspection was not sufficiently exhaustive to completely eliminate specific areas, on-site confirmation and documentation of the actual condition and exact extent of these features will be required during a detailed property inspection during a Stage 2 AA. The Georgian Bay shoreline within the study area has been identified with the potential to encounter marine-based archaeological resources based on background research (see Section 3.1.5). 3.1.4 Identified Areas of Elevated and Uncertain Land-Based Archaeological Potential Portions of the study area that were not previously assessed and cleared of further archaeological concern/cultural heritage value or interest, and do not exhibit extensively disturbed conditions nor contain physical features of low to no archaeological potential, are therefore considered to retain the established archaeological potential. These areas include but are not limited to: STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 33 agricultural fields, woodlots, areas of overgrown vegetation, grassed fields, manicured lawns and parklands (see Maps 9-16). Many of these areas have been identified as retaining elevated potential for the recovery of archaeological significant materials due to the proximity of previously identified features of archaeological potential (e.g., watercourses, registered archaeological sites, historic transportation routes, etc.). Although the archaeological potential of the remaining lands is uncertain given the lack of obvious features of archaeological potential in proximity, this does not negate the possibility of recovering archaeologically significant materials and therefore Stage 2 AA is still necessary. Upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan, any construction activities which impact areas identified as having elevated or uncertain archeological potential must be subjected to a Stage 2 AA. Actively or recently cultivated agricultural land must be subjected to pedestrian survey at five-metre intervals, in accordance with the standards outlined in Section 2.1.1 of the 2011 S&G. In areas where ploughing is not possible or viable a Stage 2 test pit survey at five-metre intervals must be performed, in accordance with the standards outlined in Section 2.1.2 of the 2011 S&G. Additionally, the Town of Thornbury and Village of Clarksburg historic limits, as defined in the 1880 Grey Supplement in the Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada, retain elevated potential for the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources (see Maps 10-11). Should proposed work occur within the historic Town of Thornbury or historic Village of Clarksburg limits, a detailed Stage 1 and 2 AA must be undertaken within potential impact areas to determine the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources. The Stage 2 AA must follow the survey strategies outlined in Section 2.1.7 of the 2011 S&G for the survey in deeply buried conditions as appropriate. 3.1.5 Identified Areas of Elevated Marine-Based Archaeological Potential The study area borders on and partially includes the shoreline of Georgian Bay. The cold, fresh waters of many of Ontario’s lakes and rivers are recognized for conserving evidence of the province’s history of exploration, settlement and commerce (MHSTCI, 2021b). The waters of Georgian Bay have already yielded significant archaeological resources, including that of the Mary Ward shipwreck (BdHc-16) in proximity to the study area, and may contain further evidence of both pre- and post-contact peoples use of the natural environment. Given the potential to encounter marine-based archaeological resources based on background research, if impacts are to occur along the Georgian Bay shoreline within the study area, a marine archaeological investigation must be undertaken by a licenced marine archaeologist to determine if any cultural heritage value or interest remains (see Maps 9-16). 3.1.6 Cemeteries As per the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 no intrusive activity may occur within the limits of a cemetery without consent from the Bereavement Authority of Ontario (BAO). The Registrar’s Directive: Archaeological Assessments & Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated April 11, 2018) and the Registrar’s Directive: Authorization of STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 34 Archaeological Assessments & Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated March 1, 2019) also require that a Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) be obtained whenever archaeological investigations are contemplated to verify and/or determine the boundaries of a cemetery where available documents cannot confirm the existence and exact locations of burials within that cemetery. The CIA will relieve the archaeologist of the prohibition and liability related to the intentional disturbance of a human burial within a cemetery should such an incident occur. Two cemeteries are located within the study area: the Thornbury & Clarksburg Union Cemetery at 111 Russell Street West and St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance at 166 Russell Street East. The Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery is a 19th century cemetery that is still active (see Map 17). This historic cemetery is considered a sensitive cultural resource of high archaeological potential. Nineteenth century historic cemeteries were not highly regulated, and often employed markers of little substance that have since disappeared. The possible absence of grave markers can result in inaccurate depictions of the recognized cemetery property limits. Furthermore, the ‘sneaking’ of burials near the property limits of cemeteries is a phenomenon associated with early 19th century church burial grounds where the congregation influenced who was buried within the cemetery. Therefore, it is normally recommended by the MHSTCI and the BAO that a cemetery investigation begin at least 20 metres from the known cemetery property limits (the “cemetery investigation area”) and moving inward, to ensure minimal disturbances to potential burial features. The St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance, although established very recently and used only for scattering ashes, is still located on a 19 th century church property and does contain human remains. Therefore, a 20-metre cemetery investigation area for this property was also established (see Map 18). The 20-metre cemetery investigation area was initially established around the limits of the entire St. George’s Anglican Church property which includes the Garden of Remembrance. To gain a better understanding of the land use history within and immediately adjacent to the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery and St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance, multiple resources and contacts were consulted to gather as much information as possible. The collected data, combined with a detailed on-site cemetery property inspection (see Appendix C – Images 32-49) resulted in an assessment of the potential for unmarked burials within the 20-metre-wide cemetery investigation area bordering the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery (see Map 17) and the 20-metre cemetery investigation area around the St. George’s Anglican Church and Garden of Remembrance property limits (see Map 18). Given that cemetery requirements are ongoing and ever changing at the MHSTCI, Archeoworks Inc. presented the collected data and sought guidance from the MHSTCI (see Supplementary Documentation – Section 2.1). This was done to ensure recommendations regarding cemetery investigations are in line with the most up-to-date advice to guarantee that additional requirements and all possible options are provided. Additional mapping from the BAO and the STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 35 cemetery operator was later received for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery and this data was subsequently provided to the MHSTCI in a separate document (see Section 2.2). Upon provision of the gathered information, the MHSTCI offered cemetery investigation recommendations for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery and St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance within the study area (see Supplementary Documentation – Section 3.0). Guidance provided by the MHSTCI is presented below. 3.1.6.1 Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery The MHSTCI agreed with the determination that there is potential to encounter unmarked burials beyond the current cemetery property limits that fall within the 20-metre-wide cemetery investigation area of the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery. They were in agreeance with the following recommendations: 1) Further archaeological assessment to confirm the presence or absence of burials (Stage 2 AA followed by Stage 3 cemetery investigations) is required within portions of the cemetery investigation area along 10th Line and immediately adjacent to 119 Russell Street West. However, as it is not clear where proposed construction impacts are to occur, detailed recommendations for the Stage 3 cemetery investigation will occur after the detailed project designs are made available. 2) A CIA issued by the BAO must be obtained prior to any invasive archaeological fieldwork (Stage 2 AA and Stage 3 cemetery investigations) within the identified areas adjacent to the cemetery and also if intrusive work is to occur within the known cemetery property limits. Should the area within the current cemetery property limits be impacted, additional archaeological investigation (Stage 2 AA and Stage 3 cemetery investigations) will also be required. It should be noted that although portions of the 20-metre cemetery investigation area surrounding the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery do not require further cemetery investigations to search for unmarked burials, these areas still require a general Stage 2 AA in accordance with the recommendations for areas of land-based archaeological potential to identify potential archaeological sites. Furthermore, the entire cemetery property, including the 20-metre cemetery investigation area, also falls within the historic limits of the Town of Thornbury and retains elevated potential for the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources. Should proposed work occur within the historic Town of Thornbury limits, a detailed Stage 1 and 2 AA must be undertaken within potential impact areas to determine the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources (see Section 3.1.4).[CL3] 3.1.6.2 St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance The MHSTCI agreed with the recommendation that a CIA and Stage 2 AA would be required if intrusive activity is to occur within the limits of St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance; no Stage 3 cemetery investigations are required given that there is no potential to encounter deeply buried or unmarked full-body burials (see Map 18). An additional recommendation was provided stating that “the licensee will consult with the BAO and MHSTCI STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 36 on any special consideration required for the area containing the scattered remains prior to any Stage 2 or planned invasive impacts to this area.” Although the 20-metre cemetery investigation area was initially placed around the entirety of St. George’s Anglican Church property in the request for information sent to the MHSTCI, these limits have since been revised to only include lands within 20 metres of the limits of the Garden of Remembrance. Despite being a 19th century church property, per correspondence with the cemetery operator, the balance of the property beyond the marked scattering gardens is not documented to have been used as any sort of burial ground, full-body or otherwise. Therefore, there are no concerns for encountering unmarked burials beyond the well-defined and marked limits of the Garden of Remembrance. No further archaeological assessment to confirm the presence or absence of unmarked burials within the revised 20-metre-wide cemetery investigation area surrounding the Garden of Remembrance is required and no CIA is required for any invasive archaeological fieldwork (Stages 2-4) within this area. It should be noted that the balance of the St. George’s Anglican Church property beyond the limits of the Garden of Remembrance requires Stage 2 AA in accordance with the recommendations for areas of land-based archaeological potential within the study area; no CIA or Stage 3 cemetery investigations are required in this area as it is beyond the known and defined limits of the scattering grounds. The entire property, including the Garden of Remembrance, also falls within the historic limits of the Village of Clarksburg and retains elevated potential for the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources. Should proposed work occur within the historic Village of Clarksburg limits, a detailed Stage 1 and 2 AA must be undertaken within potential impact areas to determine the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources (see Section 3.1.4). 3.2 Conclusions Archeoworks Inc. was retained to conduct a Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan project area (i.e., the “study area”). The study area is located within part of Lots 15-22, Concession 1; Lots 15-22, Concession 2; Lots 18-25, Concession 3; Lots 21-26, Concession 4; Lots 24-26, Concession 5; Lots 25-27, Concession 6; Lots 25-29, Concession 7; Lots 25-32, Concession 8; Lots 29-34, Concession 9; Lots 29-36, Concession 10; Lots 29-30, 35-39, Concession 11; Lots 37-41, Concession 12; and the road allowances in between, in the Geographic Township of Collingwood, historic County of Grey, now in the Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey, Ontario. Based on the background research and a general property inspection, elevated and uncertain levels of land-based archaeological potential as well as areas of elevated marine-based archaeological potential have been established within the study area. The historical limits of the Town of Thornbury and Village of Clarksburg have also been evaluated as retaining elevated potential for the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources. Beyond these areas were identified deep and extensive land alterations and physical features of low or no archaeological STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 37 potential. Furthermore, several previously registered archaeological sites with further cultural heritage value or interest and two cemeteries requiring special consideration are located within the study area. Upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan, any construction activities which impact any of the above- identified areas will require further land-based AA or a marine investigation undertaken by a licenced marine archaeologist, as appropriate. The only areas that can definitively be eliminated from requiring further AA within the study area are those properties for which a Stage 1 background study, Stage 2 property assessment, Stage 3 site-specific assessment, and/or Stage 4 mitigation of development impacts has previously been carried out wherein the report recommended the property being cleared of requiring further archaeological assessment or for which an archaeological site was discovered and determined to be of no further cultural heritage value or interest . These previous assessment reports must have been submitted and accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports. Detailed recommendations for further archaeological assessment required within the study are provided in Section 4.0 – Recommendations. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 38 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS Considering the findings outlined within this report, the following recommendations are presented: 1. Lands within the study area that were subjected to a previous archaeological assessment (Stage 1 AA, Stage 2 AA, Stage 3 AA and/or Stage 4 Mitigation) and deemed free of further cultural heritage value and interest and/or archaeological concern, with the report accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports, are recommended to be exempt from further assessment. No further work is required within the scope of this project. 2. Outstanding archaeological concerns remain for lands within the study area that were previously subjected to an archaeological assessment wherein a registered archaeological site was identified retaining further cultural heritage value or interest, or the report is awaiting MHSTCI approval (BdHb-1 – Plater-Martin, BdHb-2 – Plater-Fleming, BdHb-7 – P2, BdHb-8 – P3/P4/P5/P6/P7/P8, BdHc-23 – Mill Pond, BdHc-26 – Camperdown I, BdHc- 27 – Camperdown II). Prior to any intrusive activity within these lands, these previously registered archaeological sites located within the study area must be subjected to the appropriate archaeological fieldwork as outlined in the recommendations for each respective site report that has been submitted and accepted into the MHSTCI Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports. 3. Outstanding concerns remain for lands within and immediately adjacent (i.e., within 50 metres) to the study area that were previously subjected to an archaeological assessment wherein a registered archaeological site was identified and the cultural heritage value or interest remains unclear (BdHb-3 – Goodchild, [CL4]BdHc-14 – Indian Brook, BdHc-15 – Craigleith Shale Oil Works, BdHc-5 – MacDairmid). Prior to any intrusive activity within these lands, a copy of the associated archaeological reports must be reviewed to determine the exact location and stage of the previous archaeological assessment as well as if any archaeological assessment work remains outstanding. 4. Parts of the study area that were identified as having archaeological potential removed (i.e., areas of deep and extensive disturbances) are exempt from requiring Stage 2 AA (extents of these areas to be confirmed through a detailed on-site property inspection during a Stage 2 AA as per Section 2.1.8 of the 2011 S&G). 5. Parts of the study area that were identified as having no or low archaeological potential (i.e., wetlands, watercourses and water bodies) are exempt from requiring Stage 2 AA (extents of these areas to be confirmed through a detailed on-site property inspection during a Stage 2 AA). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 39 6. Upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan, any construction activities which impact areas identified as having elevated or uncertain land-based archaeological potential must be subjected to a Stage 2 AA. These areas must be subjected to pedestrian or test pit survey at five-metre intervals in accordance with the standards set within Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 of the 2011 S&G. 7. Areas within the historic Town of Thornbury and Village of Clarksburg retain elevated land-based archaeological potential, including that for deeply buried archaeological resources. Should future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan occur within the historic limits of the Town of Thornbury and/or Village of Clarksburg, a detailed Stage 1 and 2 AA must be undertaken within the potential impact areas to determine the presence of deeply buried archaeological resources and archaeological resources present near the surface. The Stage 2 AA must follow the survey strategies outlined in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 of the 2011 S&G, and, where appropriate, Section 2.1.7 of the 2011 S&G for the survey in deeply buried conditions. 8. Parts of the study area that were identified as retaining marine-based archaeological potential must be subjected to a marine archaeological investigation undertaken by a licenced marine archeologist. 9. As per the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 no intrusive activity may occur within the limits of the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery or St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance without consent from the cemetery operator and the Bereavement Authority of Ontario. a. Should the area within the current Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery limits be impacted, additional Stage 2 and Stage 3 archaeological cemetery investigations are required. A Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is also required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). b. Should the area within the current St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance limits be impacted, additional Stage 2 archaeological investigation is required. A Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is also required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). The licensee will also consult with the BAO and MHSTCI on any special consideration required for the area containing the scattered remains prior to any Stage 2 or planned invasive impacts at St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance. 10. Lands within the 20-metre cemetery investigation areas surrounding the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery and St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance (see Maps 17-18) that were identified as having no potential for unmarked burials do not require obtaining a Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) prior to any soil-intrusive STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 40 work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring) and do not require a Stage 3 cemetery investigation. 11. Should proposed construction impacts occur within the swaths of land adjacent to the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery identified as having potential for the recovery of unmarked burials, the following archaeological/cemetery investigations are required: a. As there is the potential for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery to extend into the study area, a Cemetery Investigation Authorization (CIA) issued by the Bereavement Authority of Ontario is required and needs to be obtained prior to conducting any soil-intrusive work (e.g., Stage 2/3/4 investigations; construction monitoring). b. As there is the potential to encounter both deeply buried archaeological resources and for archaeological resources to be present near the surface, per Section 2.1.7, Standard 2 of the 2011 S&G, surface survey methods (Stage 2 AA) must occur to identify any archaeological sites prior to using more invasive methods. c. Following the completion of the Stage 2 AA, per Section 2.2, Guideline 4 of the 2011 S&G, and in accordance with the Registrar’s Directive: Archaeological Assessments & Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated April 11, 2018) and the Registrar’s Directive: Authorization of Archaeological Assessments & Investigations on Cemetery Lands (dated March 1, 2019), further Stage 3 cemetery investigations are required to determine the boundaries of the cemetery. The recommendations for further Stage 3 cemetery investigations (e.g., hand excavation, mechanical topsoil removal, construction monitoring, etc.) will be refined in consultation with the MHSTCI upon selection of future projects identified within the Town of The Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan and detailed design plans are made available. No construction activities shall take place within the study area prior to the MHSTCI (Archaeology Programs Unit) confirming in writing that all archaeological licensing and technical review requirements have been satisfied. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 41 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 1. This report is submitted to the MHSTCI as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the MHSTCI, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development. 2. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. 3. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. 4. The Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar at the Ministry of Government and Consumer Services. 5. Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 42 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 6.1 Background Research Abler, T. S. and Tooker, E. (1978). The Seneca. In B.G. Trigger, (Ed.). Volume 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 505-517. AECOM (2016). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Town of Blue Mountains Landfill Site Expansion Part of Lots 26- 31, Concessions 7-11, Geographic Township of Collingwood, now The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P131-0005-2016). AMICK Consultants Limited (2006). Report on the 2006 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Draft Plan Approval, Part of Lot 161, Registered Plan 529, Lot 20, Concession 2, Town of The Blue Mountains (former Township of Collingwood), County of Grey (P058-100-2006). AMICK Consultants Limited (2008a). Report on the 2008 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Residential Developments Part of Lot 16, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Collingwood, Town of Blue Mountains, Grey County (P058-373-2008). AMICK Consultants Limited (2008b). Report on the 2007 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Draft Plan of Subdivision Lot 157, and Part of Lot 158, Registered Plan 529 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-284-2007). AMICK Consultants Limited (2009). Report on the 2009 Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Park Lot 4 s/w Napier., Part of Lot 32, Concession 10, (Geographic Township of Collingwood) Thornbury, The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-536-2009). AMICK Consultants Limited (2010). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Draft Plan of Subdivision - Phase 1 and 2 Part of Lots 22, 23 & 24 Concession 3 Town of Blue Mountains (Formerly Township of Collingwood), County of Grey (P058-654-2010). AMICK Consultants Limited (2011). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment, Proposed County of Grey Emergency Medical Services Stations and Expansion and the Town of Blue Mountains, Fire Hall (Station No. 2), 796338 Grey Road 19, Part of Lot 2, Pan 1065, Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-766-2011). AMICK Consultants Limited (2012). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment, Georgian Bay Villas - 7th Line, Part of Lots 26 & 27, Concession 7, (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-903-2012). AMICK Consultants Limited (2013). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Skyline Vacant Land Condominium Development, Lots 9 & 11 and Block 17 and Rolling Green Court (Closed by Bylaw 2002-73 Inst. 457533), Registered Plan 1065, Part of Lot 77, Concession STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 43 1 (Geographic Township of Collingwood) Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384- 0069-2013). AMICK Consultants Limited (2014a). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 144 Sleepy Hollow Road, Part of Lot 21, Concession 3, Town of Blue Mountains, (Geographic Township of Collingwood, County of Grey) (P384-0167-2014). AMICK Consultants Limited (2014b). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Georgian Bay Villas Added Lands, Part of Lot 27 Concession 7, and Block 2 Registered Plan 1157 and Block 42 Registered Plan 16M-6 9, (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384-0097-2013). AMICK Consultants Limited (2014c). Stage 1-2 Archaeological of Assessment of Proposed Development (Plan 16R-7921), Part of Park Lots 9 and 10, Southwest of Alfred Street and Part of Victoria Street, Townplot of Thornbury, (Geographic Town of Thornbury) (Geographic Township of Thornbury), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-0812-2014). AMICK Consultants Limited (2015a). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Streetcar Development, Part of Lot 21, Concession 3 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), The Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384-039-2013). AMICK Consultants Limited (2015b). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Trailshead Eden Oak, Part of Lots 20 & 21, Concession 2 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-784-2011). AMICK Consultants Limited (2015c). Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study of Grey Road 40, Part of Lots 27 & 28, Concession 7 New Survey (Geographic Township of Collingwood, County of Grey), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384-0118-2013). AMICK Consultants Limited (2015d). Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study of Grey Road 2, Part of Lots 30 & 31, Concession 8 and Part of Lots 30 & 31, Concession 9 New Survey (Geographic Township of Collingwood, County of Grey), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384-0117-2013). AMICK Consultants Limited (2015e). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Lora Bay Community (Phase 2 of Revised Draft Plan of Subdivision 42T-2006-14A), Part of Lots 35 to 38, Concession 11 and 12 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P384-0174-2014). AMICK Consultants Limited (2016). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Martinek Property, Part of Lot 21, Concession 2 (Geographic Township of Collingwood, County of Grey) Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P1024-0078-2015). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 44 AMICK Consultants Limited (2017) Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study Hidden Lake Road Servicing Municipal Class EA: Hidden Lake Road, Hidden Lake Road, Part of Lot 24, Concession 4 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-1590- 2017). AMICK Consultants Limited (2018a). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 204 Lakeshore Road East, Part of Lot 21 Concession 2, Town of Blue Mountains, Township of Collingwood, County of Grey (P058-1610-2017). AMICK Consultants Limited (2018b). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Long Point Road, Part of Lot 20 and Part of Lot 21, Concession 1 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-1676-2018). AMICK Consultants Limited (2018c). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Lora Bay Phase 4, Part of Blocks 1, 29, 30, Registered Plan 16M-8, Part of Lot 39, Concession 12 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-1690-2018). AMICK Consultants Limited (2018d). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Lansdowne Street North, Part of Lot 34, Concession 9 and Part of Lot 34, Concession 10 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-0968-2018). AMICK Consultants Limited (2019a). Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study of 10 Louisa Street, Park Lot 10 S. W. of Louisa Street, Park Lot 10 N. E. of Alice Street, Town of Thornbury, County of Grey (P038-0979-2019). AMICK Consultants Limited (2019b). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Part of Lot 25, Concession 7 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-0965-2018). AMICK Consultants Limited. (2020a). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Blue Mountains Affordable Housing Corporation Development, 171 King St. E., Thornbury, Part of Lot 32, Con 9 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-1010-2020). AMICK Consultants Limited (2020b). Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study Hidden Lake Road, Part of Lot 25, Concession 4 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-1784-2019). AMICK Consultants Limited (2020c). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 61 Alfred Street West, Plan of Survey of all of Lots 1, 2 and 3, Registered Plan No. 105, Townplot of Thornbury, Part of Lot 33, Concession 10 (Geographic Township of Collingwood), Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P058-1779-2019). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 45 AMICK Consultants Limited (2020d). Stage 2 Archaeological Background Study of Lots 15-19, Southwest of Huron Street, Part of Lots 16-18, Northeast of King Street, Part of McAuley Street, within the Townplot of Thornbury, Geographic Township of Collingwood, now Parts 1-7 & 9 of Registered Plan 16R-9726 Town of The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P058-1946- 2020). AMICK Consultants Limited (2020e) Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Part of Lot 26 Concession 6 (Geographic Township of Collingwood) Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P038-0895-2017). AMICK Consultants Limited (2021). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of 150 and 160 King Street East, Part of Lot 32, Concession 9, (Geographic Township of Thornbury, County of Grey), Town of Thornbury, County of Grey (P058-1947-2020). Archaeological Assessments Ltd. (2008). The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Craigleith Community Property, Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P013-383-2008). Archaeological Assessments Ltd. (2009a). The Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of the Camperdown East 1 Limited Subdivision Development, Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P013-474-2009). Archaeological Assessments Ltd. (2009b). A Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of the Thornbury Public Fishing Access and Dam Site, County of Grey , Ontario Realty Corporation Project No. D00355 (P013-482-2009). Archaeological Assessments Ltd. (2012). The Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Camperdown East 1 Limited Subdivision Development, Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P013-547-2010). Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. (ARA) (2005). Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment: Hwy 26 Thornbury West Limits to Meaford East Limits (9.8 km) GWP #57-00-00 (P007-057). Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. (ARA) (2018). Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessments, Leachate Pumping Station and Forcemain, Detail Design, Municipal Class Environmental Assessment, Town of The Blue Mountains, Part of Lots 27–30, Concession 8, Part of Lots 26–27 and 30–31, Concession 9 and Part of Lots 26–27, Concession 10, Geographic Township of Collingwood, Grey County, Ontario (P007-0868-2017). Archeoworks Inc. (2016). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Detailed Design for Proposed Improvements to the Intersection of Grey Road 19/Osler Bluff Road and Grey Road 21/Mountain Road Within Part of Lots 45 and 46, Concession 12 and Lots 15 and 16, Concession 1, In the Geographic Townships of Nottawasaga and Collingwood, Historical Counties of Simcoe and Grey, now in the Towns of Collingwood and Blue Mountains, Counties of Simcoe and Grey, Ontario (P1016-0066-2015). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 46 Archeoworks Inc. (2017). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed Wakeboard Park Within the East Part of Lot 30, Concession 9 In the Geographic Township of Collingwood, Town of Blue Mountains, County of Grey, Ontario (P390-0284-2017). Archeoworks Inc. (2020). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the Thornbury West Drainage Master Plan Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Study, Within the Part of Lots 32-34, Concession 9 and Lots 31-35, Concession 10, In the Geographic Township of Collingwood, Former County of Grey, now in the Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey, Ontario (P029- 0995-2018). ASI Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Services (2016a). Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Draft Plan of Proposed Subdivision Lots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Registered Plan 555, Part of Lot 159, Registered Plan 529, and Part of Lot 20, Concession 2, Town of The Blue Mountains, County of Grey (P372-035-2013). ASI Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Services (2016b). Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Part of Lot 21, Concession 2, Formerly Collingwood Township, Town of The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P125-0187-2015). ASI Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Services. (2021). 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Available at: https://www.parishofthebluemountains.ca/about/our-history [Accessed 05 July 2021]. Storck, P. L. (1982). Palaeo-Indian Settlement Patterns Associated with the Strandlines of Glacial Lake Algonquin in South-Central Ontario. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 6, 1-32. Templeton, L. (2021a). Email to proponent. RE: Thornbury & Clarksburg Union Cemetery History. 10 August 2021. Templeton, L. (2021b). Email from archaeology@ontario.ca, re. Report Request: P439-0153- 2021, 28 June 2021. Templeton, L. (2021c). Email from archaeology@ontario.ca, re. Report Request: P439-0153- 2021, 08 June 2021. This Land Archaeology Inc. (2014). Stage 1 to 3 Archaeological Assessment Part Lot 21, Concession 2, (Plater-Fleming BdHb-2), Former Collingwood Township, Town of The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P059-166-2009 & P059-167-2009). This Land Archaeology Inc. (2017a). Report on the Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment on Part of Lot 25, Concession 6, Block 46, Registered Plan 16M-20, Town of The Blue Mountains, Regional STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 54 Municipality of Grey, Historic Grey County, Geographic Township of Collingwood, Ontario (P059- 0704-2016). This Land Archaeology Inc. (2017b). Report on the Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment on Part of Lot 25, Concession 6, Block 46, Registered Plan 16M-20, Town of The Blue Mountains, Regional Municipality of Grey, Historic Grey County, Geographic Township of Collingwood, Ontario (P379- 0135-2017). Thornbury Business Improvement Area (2011). History. [Online]. Available at: https://thornbury.ca/history/ [Accessed 12 July 2021]. Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) (2008). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Proposed Residential Development Part of Lot 16, Concession 1, Geog. Twp. of Collingwood, Town of The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P064-179-2008). Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) (2010). Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment, Delphi Court Condominium Development, Part of Lot 26, Concession 5, Geographic Township of Collingwood, Town of Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P083-047-2010). Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) (2013). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment, Thornbury Gate, Lots 15-19, Southwest of Huron Street, Part of Lots 16-18, Northeast of King Street, Part of McAuley Street, within the Townplot of Thornbury, Geographic Township of Collingwood, now Parts 1-7, & 9 of Registered Plan 16R-9726, Town of The Blue Mountains, Grey County, Ontario (P349-065-2012). Timmins Martelle Heritage Consultants Inc. (TMHC) (2019). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment Lora Bay Heights Development (Plan 16R-11037) Lots 47 & 48 SW of King St., Lots 47-49, NE of Arthur St. Part of Minto Street, Within the Townplot of Thornbury. Lot 10, Con 34 Geographic Township of Collingwood Town of The Blue Mountains Grey County, Ontario (P324- 0414-2019 & P324-0417-2019). Town of The Blue Mountains (2009). Cultural Heritage Landscape Assessment Report. [Online]. Available at: http://www.thebluemountains.ca/public_docs/documents/Final-TBM-CHL-Report- Sept-2009.pdf [Accessed 12 July 2021]. Town of The Blue Mountains (2011). Town of The Blue Mountains Designated Heritage Properties (including the former Township of Collingwood and Town of Thornbury). Town of The Blue Mountains. Town of The Blue Mountains (2016). The Blue Mountains Official Plan Schedules A, A-1, A-2, A3, A-4 and A-5. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thebluemountains.ca/official-plan.cfm [Accessed 14 July 2021]. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 55 Town of The Blue Mountains (2018). Cemeteries. [Online]. Available at: http://www.thebluemountains.ca/cemetery.cfm [Accessed 12 July 2021]. Trigger, B. G. (1994). The Original Iroquoians: Huron, Petun and Neutral. In E.S. Rogers and D.B. Smith, (Eds.). Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press Limited, pp. 41-63. Warrick, G. A. (2000). The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario. Journal of World Prehistory, 14(4), 415-466. Warrick, G. (2008). A Population History of the Huron-Petun, A.D. 500-1650. New York: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, R. F. (1990). The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In C.J. Ellis and N. Ferris, (Eds.). The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. London, Ontario: Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS, pp. 291-320. Williamson, R. F. (2013). The Woodland Period, 900 BCE to 1700 CE. In M.K. Munson and S.M. Jamieson, (Eds.). Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province. Montreal & Kingston, Ontario: McGill Queen’s University Press. Wright, J. V. (1994). Before European Contact. In E.S. Rogers and D.B. Smith, (Eds.). Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press Limited, pp. 21-40. Wright, J. V. (1999). A History of the Native People of Canada: Volume II (1,000B.C. – A.D. 500). Hull, Quebec: Museum of Civilization. WSP Canada Inc. (2017). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment: Lot 28, Concession 7, Town of Blue Mountains, Former Geographic Township of Collingwood, Grey County, Province of Ontario (P474-0014-2016). 6.2 Map Sources Canadian County Atlas Digital Project, Rare Books and Special Collections, McGill University Library, Montreal (McGill University Library, 2001) • Belden, H. & Co. (1877). Grey Supplement in the Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada, Ontario. Toronto. [Online]. Available at: https://digital.library.mcgill.ca/countyatlas/searchmapframes.php [Accessed 21 June 2021]. Natural Resources Canada • Natural Resources Canada (2013). Atlas of Canada – Toporama: Topographic Map, Owen Sound 041A10 (NW tile), Markdale 041A07 (SW tile), Nottawasaga Bay 041A09 (NE tile) and STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 56 Collingwood 041A08 (SE tile). [Online]. Available at: http://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html [Accessed 21 June 2020]. University of Toronto Map and Data Library • University of Toronto Map and Data Library (2021). 1954 Aerial Photograph, Southern Ontario. [Online]. Available at: https://mdl.library.utoronto.ca/collections/air-photos/1954- air-photos-southern-ontario/index [Accessed 21 June 2021]. The Blue Mountains Public Library (2021) • J. Fleming (1872). Topographic Map of the Township of Collingwood, Co. Grey, Ontario. [Online]. Available at: http://thebluemountainshistory.ca/archival-item- details.cfm?itemID=IlA= [Accessed 21 June 2021]. VuMAP © First Base Solutions • 2006 Orthophotograph. [Online]. Available at: http://vumap.firstbasesolutions.com/ [Accessed 21 June 2021]. • 2010 Orthophotograph. [Online]. Available at: http://vumap.firstbasesolutions.com/ [Accessed 21 June 2021]. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 57 APPENDICES STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 58 APPENDIX A: MAPS Map 1: National Topographic Map, 1:30,000, Owen Sound 041A10 (NW tile), Markdale 041A07 (SW tile), Nottawasaga Bay 041A09 (NE tile) and Collingwood 041A08 (SE tile) (Natural Resources Canada, 2013) identifying the Stage 1 AA study area. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 59 Map 2: Stage 1 AA study area within J. Fleming’s 1872 Topographic Map of the Township of Collingwood (courtesy of the Town of The Blue Mountains Public Library, 2021). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 60 Map 3: Stage 1 AA study area within H. Belden & Co.’s 1880 Grey Supplement in the Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada – Township of Collingwood (McGill University Library, 2001). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 61 Map 4: Stage 1 AA study area within a 1954 aerial photograph (courtesy of the University of Toronto Map and Data Library, 2021). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 62 Map 5: Stage 1 AA study area within a 2006 orthophotograph (courtesy of VuMap © First Base Solutions, 2021). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 63 Map 6: Stage 1 AA study area within a 2010 orthophotograph (courtesy of VuMap © First Base Solutions, 2021). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 64 Map 7: Stage 1 AA study area within the soil map of Grey County (Ontario Agricultural College, 1981). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 65 Map 8: Results of the Stage 1 AA split into seven detailed maps. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 66 Map 9: Stage 1 AA results – detail 1 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 67 Map 10: Stage 1 AA results – detail 2 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 68 Map 11: Stage 1 AA results – detail 3 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 69 Map 12: Stage 1 AA results – detail 4 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 70 Map 13: Stage 1 AA results – detail 5 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 71 Map 14: Stage 1 AA results – detail 6 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 72 Map 15: Stage 1 AA results – detail 7 of 7. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 73 Map 16: Stage 1 AA study area recommendations. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 74 Map 17: Stage 1 AA recommendations for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 75 Map 18: Stage 1 AA recommendations for St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 76 Map 19: Stage 1 AA results – detail 1 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 77 Map 20: Stage 1 AA results – detail 2 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 78 Map 21: Stage 1 AA results – detail 3 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 79 Map 22: Stage 1 AA results – detail 4 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 80 Map 23: Stage 1 AA results – detail 5 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 81 Map 24: Stage 1 AA results – detail 6 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 82 Map 25: Stage 1 AA results – detail 7 of 7 with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 83 Map 26: Stage 1 AA recommendations for the Thornbury Clarksburg Union Cemetery with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 84 Map 27: Stage 1 AA recommendations for St. George’s Anglican Church Garden of Remembrance with photo locations indicated. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 85 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND RESEARCH Feature of Archaeological Potential Yes No Unknown Comment 1 Known archaeological sites within 300 m? X If Yes, potential confirmed Physical Features Yes No Unknown Comment 2 Is there water on or adjacent to the property? X If Yes, potential confirmed 2a Presence of primary water source within 300 metres of the study area (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks) X If Yes, potential confirmed 2b Presence of secondary water source within 300 metres of the study area (intermittent creeks and streams, springs, marshes, swamps) X If Yes, potential confirmed 2c Features indicating past presence of water source within 300 metres (former shorelines, relic water channels, beach ridges) X If Yes, potential confirmed 2d Accessible or inaccessible shoreline (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh) X If Yes, potential confirmed 3 Elevated topography (knolls, drumlins, eskers, plateaus, etc.) X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed 4 Pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed 5 Distinctive land formations (mounds, caverns, waterfalls, peninsulas, etc.) X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed Cultural Features Yes No Unknown Comment 6 Is there a known burial site or cemetery that is registered with the Cemeteries Regulation Unit on or directly adjacent to the property? X If Yes, potential confirmed 7 Associated with food or scarce resource harvest areas (traditional fishing locations, food extraction areas, raw material outcrops, etc.) X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed 8 Indications of early Euro-Canadian settlement (monuments, cemeteries, structures, etc.) within 300 metres X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed 9 Associated with historic transportation route (historic road, trail, portage, rail corridor, etc.) within 100 metres of the property X If Yes to two or more of 3-5 or 7-10, potential confirmed Property-specific Information Yes No Unknown Comment 10 Contains property designated under the Ontario Heritage Act X If Yes, potential confirmed 11 Local knowledge (Indigenous communities, heritage organizations, municipal heritage committees, etc.) X If Yes, potential confirmed 12 Recent ground disturbance, not including agricultural cultivation (post-1960, extensive and deep land alterations) X - parts If Yes, low archaeological potential is determined STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 86 APPENDIX C: IMAGES Image 1: Parklands and beach in Lora Bay facing Georgian Bay. Image 2: The gravel Georgian Trail follows the former Northern Railway route. Image 3: Overgrown vegetation flanking Christie Beach Road which slopes down towards Georgian Bay. Image 4: Agricultural fields and woods along Highway 26 with the Niagara Escarpment in the background. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 87 Image 5: The Golf Club at Lora Bay with residential development in the background. Image 6: Agricultural lands flanking Beaver Street on the outskirts of the Town of Thornbury. Image 7: Hydro dam and fishway in Thornbury. Image 8: Shops and restaurants along downtown Bruce Street in the historic Town of Thornbury. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 88 Image 9: Standing on the Georgian Trail bridge crossing over the Beaver River facing Georgian Bay. Image 10: Black Bridge over the Beaver River in the Village of Clarksburg. Image 11: Shops and small businesses along Marsh Street in the historic Village of Clarksburg. Image 12: Thornbury Village Cider and Brew House (historic wooden apple storage building). STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 89 Image 13: Peasemarsh Beach and Georgian Bay shoreline. Image 14: Sloping terrain along Grey Road 40 looking towards Georgian Bay. Image 15: The Georgian Bay Golf Club. Image 16: A watercourse flowing through the study area into Georgian Bay. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 90 Image 17: Residence, wooded areas and the Georgian Peaks ski resort on the escarpment flanking Highway 26. Image 18: Residences, manicured lawns and overgrown vegetation along Camperdown Road facing Georgian Bay. Image 19: Residential gravel back road. Image 20: Rolling terrain along Arrowhead Road flanked by woods. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 91 Image 21: Cottages and condominiums along Highway 26 overlooking Georgian Bay. Image 22: Craigleith Community Centre (historic school house). Image 23: Craigleith Heritage Depot (historic railway station). Image 24: Condominiums on Blueski George Crescent. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 92 Image 25: The gravel Georgian Trail follows the former Northern Railway route. Image 26: Parklands, beach and Georgian Bay shoreline with the escarpment in the background. Image 27: Gravel back road (Brophy’s Lane) flanked by overgrown vegetation and woods. Image 28: Chalets at the base of the Blue Mountain ski hill on the escarpment. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 93 Image 29: Overgrown vegetation and residential development along Grey Road 21. Image 30: Blue Mountain ski village. Image 31: Low-lying and wet terrain. Image 32: View of distance of headstones to area of current cemetery property limits along Russell Street West. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 94 Image 33: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along Russell Street West, showing ditching. Image 34: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along Russell Street West at 10th Line; area recommended for Stage 2-3 AA in background. Image 35: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along 10th Line; Stage 2-3 AA recommended. Image 36: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along 10th Line; Stage 2-3 AA recommended. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 95 Image 37: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along 10th Line; Stage 2-3 AA recommended. Image 38: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along Victoria Street South. Image 39: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along Victoria Street South. Image 40: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits along Victoria Street South. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 96 Image 41: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits at northwest corner of cemetery property. Image 42: View of no headstones present in New Survey portion of the cemetery property limits. Image 43: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits adjacent to 119 Russell Street West; Stage 2-3 AA recommended. Image 44: View of distance of headstones to current cemetery property limits adjacent to 119 Russell Street West; Stage 2-3 AA recommended. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 97 Image 45: View of entrance to scattering garden at St. George’s Anglican Church. Image 46: View of scattering garden, looking south. Image 47: View of scattering garden, looking north. Image 48: View of scattering garden, looking north. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 98 Image 49: View of scattering garden, looking south. STAGE 1 AA FOR THE TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN TOWN OF THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, COUNTY OF GREY, ONTARIO ARCHEOWORKS INC. 99 APPENDIX D: INVENTORY OF DOCUMENTARY AND MATERIAL RECORD Project Information: Project Number: 235-BL2818-20 Licensee: Kassandra Aldridge (P439) MHSTCI PIF: P439-0153-2021 Document/ Material Details Location 1. Research/ Analysis/ Reporting Material Digital files stored in: /2020/235-BL2818-20/Town of Blue Mountains Drainage Master Plan Archeoworks Inc., 16715-12 Yonge Street, Suite 1029, Newmarket, ON, Canada, L3X 1X4 Stored on Archeoworks network servers 2. Written Field Notes/ Annotated Field Maps/ Images Field Maps/Notes: 11 pages Digital Images: 704 digital photos Archeoworks Inc., 16715-12 Yonge Street, Suite 1029, Newmarket, ON, Canada, L3X 1X4 Stored on Archeoworks network servers Under Section 14 of the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences issued under the Ontario Heritage Act, “the licensee shall hold in safekeeping all artifacts and records of archaeological fieldwork carried out under this licence, except where those artifacts and records are transferred by the licensee to Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario or the licensee is directed to deposit them in a public institution in accordance with subsection 66(1) of the Act." The collections are being stored at Archeoworks Inc. on the licensee's behalf.